Chemistry of Life 2 - MT1 - Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Streetlight effect

A

Is a type of observation bias that occurs when people are searching for something and look only where it is easiest
- drunkards search

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2
Q

Why is there optimism about finding extraterrestrial life?

A

We have already found organisms that live in harsh environments
- eg) high temp or high salinity

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3
Q

Extremophiles

A

Organisms that live in conditions of extreme environment

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4
Q

Halophiles

A

Can grow in high salt waters

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5
Q

Racemization

A

Is the conversion of an enantiomerically pure mixture into a mixture where more than one of the enantiomers are present

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6
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror image molecules

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7
Q

Biosignature

A

Is any evidence or indication of life, living or dead

- it can be chemical or morphological

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8
Q

What is an important chemical biosignature?

A

Is the presence of liquid water

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9
Q

What planet moons have water under their frozen crust?

A

Jupiter

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10
Q

What are 4 examples of more complex biosignatures?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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11
Q

What does it mean if you found a more complex molecule detected?

A

The more likely it is to have a biogenetic origin

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12
Q

What happens at the same rate in order to obtain equilibrium?

A

Forward and back reaction

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13
Q

What is earths atmosphere in?

A

Disequilibrium

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14
Q

Why is earths atmosphere in disequilibrium?

A

Due to the presence of life

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15
Q

What are the 2 waste gases in the atmosphere from organisms?

A
  1. O2

2. CH4

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16
Q

Are O2 and CH4 stable in the atmosphere?

A

No

17
Q

What would be good to look at on Mars to find life?

A

Presence of waste gases

18
Q

Mars (4)

A
  1. Stable atmosphere
  2. No O2
  3. 96% CO2
  4. Little bit of methane
19
Q

Formaldehyde

A

A colourless pungent gas in solution made by oxidizing methanol

20
Q

Methanol

A

A toxic, colourless, volative flammable liquid alcohol, can be made through distillation or oxidizing methane

21
Q

What do formaldehyde and methanol break down?

A

Methane

22
Q

What 4 things might you look for in extraterrestrial life?

A
  1. Waste gases
  2. Chirality
  3. Isotopic ratios
  4. Morphological biosignature
23
Q

What are 4 ways to study Mars for evidence of life?

A
  1. Telescope
  2. Uncrewed probes
  3. Meteorites
  4. Human crewed missions
24
Q

What are 5 examples of uncrewed probes?

A
  1. Flybys
  2. Orbiters
  3. Landers
  4. Rovers
  5. Sample returen mission
25
Q

What is an example of a flyby?

A

Mariner 4

  • took pictures along its path
  • do this if you dont have a lot of fuel
26
Q

What is an example of an orbiter?

A

Mars express (ESA)

27
Q

What is the advantage of ESA?

A

Ongoing flow of data

28
Q

What is an example of a lander?

A

The phoenix lander (2008)

29
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage to the phoenix lander?

A
  • Advantage = light in weight

- Disadvantage = marsian atmosphere is very thin and the lander normally doesnt land safe

30
Q

What is an example of a rover?

A

Curiosity rover

31
Q

What is an example of a sample return mission?

A

Mars sample return mission (projected)

32
Q

What are 3 challenge withs the Mars sample return mission?

A
  1. Blasting off of Mars is harder than the moon
  2. Contaminating the instruments
  3. Careful on not bringing bugs back to earth