Immune Intensive - Week 2 Flashcards
Inflammation is a response of the immune system and consists of 4 reactions
heat
redness
swelling
pain
Inflammation can trigger these additional 2 reactions
disturbed function
excessive secretion
The purpose of the __ __ is to have a network of cells, tissues, and organs, working together to protect the body against foreign invaders.
immune system
The 3 main jobs on the immune system are
- identify foreign invader
- generate a series of communications
- launch an attack
What are the 3 layers to the immune system?
your skin (inside & out)
innate immune system
adaptive immune system
The human immune system possesses extensive “___”
plasticity
The __ __ responds by sending cells that all have different functions - they may take in an antigen to present T-cells or engulf the antigen & break it down.
innate system
__ are released from these cells and that chemical storm attracts other cells to the area to start the inflammation process that will wall off any foreign antigens, raise the temp to try to the offending antigen and will start hydrolyzing it with all the diff cells that respond to cytokines.
cytokines
The __ __ __ will give us the memory to fight off the same offending antigen when it tries to attack us a second, third, or fourth time.
adaptive immune system
The __ __ __ also uses antigen presenting cells to kick off the activation of B-cells that will provide antibodies specific to the antigen we are fighting. These antibodies go to the sight of inflammation where the invader is found & will attack the offender via several mechanisms. This attack also leads to inflammation at the sight of attack because you have such a concentrated amount of cells doing work and picking up debris from dead invader antigens and so on.
adaptive immune system
Phagocytes
scavengers of the immune system
the first to arrive at the scene if an intruder gains entry and bypassed the “skins”
Cells that engulf and destroy particles & pathogens.
phagocytes
The most efficient phagocytes (born from monocytes) and can engulf & digest substantial # of microbes. They live in tissues while monocytes live in the blood
Macrophages
A kind of granulocyte that are short lived cells and require little to no activation for max effect, just a triggering stimulus. Usually one of the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection
Neutrophils
A kind of granulocyte
eosinophils
(Eosinophils) These granules are located in the cells’ cytoplasm and contain several types of proteins. These proteins have several functions that collectively contribute to the role of eosinophils in __ __ __ and __ __
allergic immune responses
parasitic infections
A thick solution that fills each cell & is enclosed by the cell membrane (like the white part of your eye ball). It’s composed of water, salts & proteins. It contains the granules that help differentiate the different types of white blood cells
cytoplasm
The phagocytic cells release special proteins called __ to finish the job against bacteria or invader. These activate an immune response to infection & inflammation
cytokines
A class of signaling molecules and their job is like cellular communication. They are proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins which regulate the immune system and are the chemical messengers that call cells into action
cytokines
__ __ is like fireworks, releasing from the cell, initiating a series of communications but also causing a lot of ruckus
cytokine storm
Inflammatory mediators (both pro and anti- inflammatory) that are released from the cytoplasm of the white blood cells. They exist in both the innate & adaptive immune systems
cytokines
Cells that reside within the innate immune system that destroy other cells that have been infected by viruses or malignant cells (cancerous cells)
NK cells
__ __ are large & granular - they come from lymphocytes in our white blood cell, which can become either NK cells (part of the innate immune system) or T/B-cells (part of adaptive immune system)
NK cells
There are 5 different kinds of white blood cells
- lymphocyte
- monocyte
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
things that impact nk cell production
- smoking decreases it
- exercise increases it
- high fat diets can decrease it (need to be below 30% of diet or 65-75% of high quality to induce ketosis)
- melatonin can stimulate production
- echinacea activate nk cells
- berries boost nk cells
- cardamom boost nk cells
The __ __ responds most sensitively to subtle changes in our nutritional statues
immune system
15 key immune supportive nutrients include
- essential fatty acids
- folate
- iron
- protein
- selenium
- vitamin A
- vitamin B6
- vitamin C
- vitamin E
- vitamin D
- Zinc
- curcumin
- rosemary
- antioxidants
- pro & prebiotics
___ are where these NK cells come from and where the T & B-cells create those Th1/Th2 arms of the adaptive immune system that are implicated in autoimmunity
lymphocytes
___ are produced in the bone marrow & reside in the lymph nodes, thymus gland and in the marrow. They are born in the __ __
lymphocytes
lymphatic system
Your body’s passive drainage system (vs when blood pumps through the body powered by the cardiovascular system - this is the active drainage system)
lymphatic system
The lymphatic system drains all the excess fluid or the ___ that leaks out of our blood vessels into our tissues
lymph
What does lymph contain?
primarily contains white blood cells - particularly lymphocytes and proteins
How does the lymphatic system work?
- lymph is collected from the lower part of our body into lymphatic vessels
- muscles transport the lymph via a one-way highway to the upper regions of the torso
- the lymph from the lower part of the body and left of the body are collected in the thoracic duct & emptied back into the bloodstream
- lymph flows into the node (series of stations along the way)
- then flows out the node through wider vessels
Collection sites where white blood cells attack bacteria, viruses, cancer cells that have broken off of a tumor and other foreign particles
lymph nodes
Whereas the blood delivers __ and __ to the cells, the __ removes the waste, debris, and disease components such as viruses, bacteria and toxic matter.
nutrients & oxygen
lymph
When there is a bacterial or viral infection, the __ __ __ enters the scene to try to destroy it (with those macrophages). It might also communicate or alert B/T cells who are specifically trained to kill that particular bacteria. Here is where the __ __ enter the picture between the actions of the innate and adaptive immune system
innate immune system
lymphatic vessels
The offending bacteria will get swept into the lymphatic vessels. In addition, the macrophage that gobbled up the bacteria may also migrate into the lymphatic vessels along with the invader. What happens then is that the lymphatic vessels will usher that bacteria over to a __ __. And those __ __ we have throughout our body (they’re like little bulges or bulbs along the highway), and they are teaming with the B cells and T cells, the agents of the adaptive immune system.
lymph node(s)
The superhighway leading to the node is the __ __ bringing constituents from the tissue (more narrow)
afferent passageway
The __ __ takes the cells (now cleaned) back to the blood and filters the fluid from bacteria and debris
efferent passageway
__ are small, bean-shaped, soft nodules of tissues about 1-25 mm wide. Those that are most frequently enlarged or swollen are found closest to the skin where you can actually feel them. These are in the neck, under the chin, in the armpits and in the groin. There are also a large group of lymph nodes in the chest and your tonsils are clusters of lymph nodes
Nodes
__ __ in the SI contain lymph nodes. And since most of the fat absorbed in the SI is too large for the bloodstream it moves through the lymphatic system first to be cleaned & filtered.
Peyer’s Patches
__ __ are small clusters of cells, surrounded by a capsule. Vessels go into and out of them. The specific cells in lymph nodes are those trained lymphocytes( __ __ __), which produce antibodies and the __ which digest the debris and bring it to the station for filtering. The __ __ is comprised of water, proteins & fats and the ratio of this changes depending on where you are in the body. The __ itself is the liquid that is squeezed out through the capillaries, containing the blood. And it’s mostly water & a tiny bit of proteins that go through that squeezing.
lymph nodes
B&T cells
macrophages
lymph fluid
lymph
reasons why lymph nodes become swollen
- infection
- virus
- inflammation
- cancer (often breast cancer)
- cancer of the blood
- some autoimmune conditions like lupus or RA
4 ways to keep the lymph flowing:
- deep breathing
- rebounding
- massage & movement
- topical application of castor oil
Another word for white blood cells
leukocytes
what is the function of your white blood cells?
to defend against various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites
what are the two classifications of white blood cells
granulocytes (little specs in the cytoplasm)
agranulocyte
the lifespan of white blood cells typicall ranges from __ - __ days, but can be as short as a few hours and as long as several years
13-20 days
what are the 2 measurements of white blood cells
- the total @ of wbc in a microliter of blood
- the % of each of the 5 types of wbc (differential)
rank leukocytes or white blood cells from most to least common
never let monkeys eat bananas
neutrophil
lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil
First responders at the site on infection or trauma, this abundant phagocytic cell releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection. Migrates from blood vessels into tissues
neutrophil
Acts to recognize antigens, produce antibodies, and destroy cells that could cause damage. Some work alone, while others are able to coordinate with other cells. There are 3 main types: T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
lymphocytes
Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation. Stored in spleen, moves through blood vessels to infected tissues
monocyte
Releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage. Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.
eosinophil
Responsible for defense against parasites. Releases histamine that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions. Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.
basophil
