Immune Intensive - Week 1 (Immune System Overview) Flashcards
The 4 major components of inflammation are
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- pain
The major components of inflammation are due to increased blood supply because ….
blood carries the soldiers of the body’s infection-fighting arm aka the white blood cells
Cells that kill or disarm anything that is not “you”
white blood cells
What is the purpose of the immune system?
The purpose of the immune system is to have a network of cells, tissues, and organs, working together to protect the body against foreign invaders
what do the cells of the immune system do?
- defend against cellular damage
- communicate important info to themselves (immune to immune cell)
- communicate important info to other systems like nervous or endocrine systems
The army of cells perform 3 key tasks in order to function
- identify a foreign invader
- generate a series of communications
- launch an attack
Cells that may appear as invaders to your immune system
- cancer cell
- constituents from something you’ve eaten
- virus
- parasite
- bad bacteria
- toxins
The immune system is flexible and resilient; it’s known for it’s ___
plasticity
how we present, something over which our life experiences, exposures, and lifestyle have a significant influence
phenotype
the phenotypic immune expression can be one of health/balance or dysregulation - presenting as ___, ___, ___, or ___
chronic immune activation, autoimmunity, allergy or immunodeficiency
a group of conditions that share common inflammatory pathways & are a result of dysregulation of the immune response, leading to systemic inflammation
immune mediated inflammatory disease
immune mediated inflammatory diseases develop b/c the normal controls of the immune system have failed and can lead to ….
excessive reactions against foreign antigens
immune mediated inflammatory diseases
UC, Crohn’s, RA, Lupus, Ankylosing, spondylitis, psoriasis, etc
immune cells lie in 2 different fluids
the blood & lymph
What are the 3 layers of the immune system
- physical barriers or skin
- innate immune system
- adaptive immune system
The first line of defense of your immune system is your skill and is called the ___ of your immune system
physical barrier
It’s not just the skin on the outside, but also the skin on the inside of your body - meaning your “__.”
wet tissue
wet tissue includes
the area around your eyes, respiratory system, reproductive system, and digestive system
Your skin integrity is a critical part of your natural immunity. This protective barrier of the skin retards the entry of microbes with both its __ & __.
bacteria & pH
We then have the __ __ as part of the barrier system (wet tissues) which contain more flora to compete with microbes and the mucous is capable of entrapping foreign microorganisms.
mucous mebranes
Any invader that has been able to penetrate the physical barrier is then met by what is called the ___
innate immune system
The innate immune system is housed in the __, __, and even the __, as well as the __ __ carried out by the secretions of salts, HCL, lactic acid, lipids, cytokines, chemokines & enzymes.
membranes, mucous linings, hair, chemical activities
it’s the job of the innate immune system to sort out __ vs __
self vs dangerous (or non-self)
the innate immune system can be compromised in its decision-making process when the system (or pool) is overloaded with __ or __
pathogens or toxins
Each part of the immune system’s ability to focus on what’s dangerous allows us to…
- tolerate the foreign matter in the air we breath & food we eat
- accept a transient virus that enters the cells but doesn’t linger or present any damage
- live with the commensal bacteria in our gut
- grow fetuses
the biggest player in the innate immune system is a type of cell called ___
macrophage
macrophage is the cell often referred to as the ___ of the immune system
PacMan
The macrophage has __ __ that are innately trained to be on the lookout for dangerous molecules or invaders.
special antennae
Phagocytosis- step 1
macrophage engulfs the bacterium in a pouch called a phagosome
Phagocytosis - step 2
the phagosome is pulled deep into the macrophage where it merges with another pouch called a lysosome
Phagocytosis - step 3
the lysosome contains enzymes and chemicals that are powerful enough to kill the bacterium; and then kill it
The ingestion by a cell of a microorganism, cell particle, or other matter, surround and engulfed by the cell
phagocytosis
Macrophages (along with other blood cells in your body) come from one of your __ __ __
primary lymph organs
The __ __ is where many of the immune cells hang out - its where they’re either born, transported for development and schooling or where they reside- during or in between bouts of foreign invaders.
lymph system
immune system (____) + lymphatic system (____) = lymphatic-immune system
immune system (made of constituents in the bloodstream) + lymphatic system (series of vessels and organs that contain lymph) = lymphatic-immune system
clear, fluid filtrate of the blood
lymph
lymph vessels =
immune superhighway
lymph vessels are a huge part of your immune system’s __ __
communication network
what are the 2 primary lymph organs
- bone marrow
- thymus gland
flexible tissues found in the interior of bones
bone marrow
the primary place for the production of our blood cells, originating from stem cells
bone marrow
the immune system is largely comprised of the __ __ __- made in bone marrow & then sent out to the bloodstream
white blood cells
primary lymph organ located behind the breast bone
thymus gland
T-lymphocytes (Th1 - white blood cells) go to the __ __ to mature
thymus gland
secondary organs in the lymph system
- tonsils
- spleen
- galt
- malt
- balt
-nalt
the type of white blood cell that leaves the bone marrow to become a macrophage is called a __
monocyte
Once monocytes have left the bone marrow, they populate the blood stream for around __ __
3 days
Monocytes get a foothold in the body’s tissues where they can mature into __
macrophages
Monocytes should make up about __ - __% of your WBC panel
3-7%
When monocytes are elevated on a WBC it could be due to …
EBV, IBD, or other general infectiosn
Macrophages secrete specific proteins called __. These are messengers that signal further immune response.
cytokines
__ __ __ are important factors in being able to destroy wayward cells, particularly some cancer cells
natural killer cells
white blood cells that are born from the bone marrow and live only a short time in the bloodstream (about 5 days)
neutrophiles
Neutrophils vs Macrophages
both = phagocytic (eat things up)
neutrophils = don’t wait around in the tissue, but appear on the scene when they’re summoned from other constituents in the blood & become fully activated to kill
__ are the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection
neutrophils
Neutrophils release chemicals that turn tissues into a toxic wasteland for unlucky invaders. They are designed to kill themselves after this short time in a process called __
apoptosis (cell death)
Neutrophils should be the most proliferative type of white blood cell in your WBC at __ - __%
40-60%
Neutrophils become activated through a 2-stage process
1- resting neutrophils can become primed by agents that include bacterial products & cytokines or chemokines
2- once primed, neutrophils are then mobilized to the site of infection or inflammation where they encounter other activating signals to trigger bacterial killing
difference between macrophages vs neutrophils
macrophages - have arms that reach out and gobble up the invaders
neutrophils - chase the bacteria around until they overtake it
__ __ are able to punch little holes in the bacteria to destroy them. They are another part of the innate immune system.
Complete proteins
The 3rd layer or line of defense is
adaptive immune system
