Immune Intensive - Week 1 (Immune System Overview)

Question 1

The 4 major components of inflammation are

Answer 1

1. heat
2. redness
3. swelling
4. pain

Question 2

The major components of inflammation are due to increased blood supply because ….

Answer 2

blood carries the soldiers of the body’s infection-fighting arm aka the white blood cells

Question 3

Cells that kill or disarm anything that is not “you”

Answer 3

white blood cells

Question 4

What is the purpose of the immune system?

Answer 4

The purpose of the immune system is to have a network of cells, tissues, and organs, working together to protect the body against foreign invaders

Question 5

what do the cells of the immune system do?

Answer 5

• defend against cellular damage
• communicate important info to themselves (immune to immune cell)
• communicate important info to other systems like nervous or endocrine systems

Question 6

The army of cells perform 3 key tasks in order to function

Answer 6

1. identify a foreign invader
2. generate a series of communications
3. launch an attack

Question 7

Cells that may appear as invaders to your immune system

Answer 7

• cancer cell
• constituents from something you’ve eaten
• virus
• parasite
• bad bacteria
• toxins

Question 8

The immune system is flexible and resilient; it’s known for it’s ___

Answer 8

plasticity

Question 9

how we present, something over which our life experiences, exposures, and lifestyle have a significant influence

Answer 9

phenotype

Question 10

the phenotypic immune expression can be one of health/balance or dysregulation - presenting as ___, ___, ___, or ___

Answer 10

chronic immune activation, autoimmunity, allergy or immunodeficiency

Question 11

a group of conditions that share common inflammatory pathways & are a result of dysregulation of the immune response, leading to systemic inflammation

Answer 11

immune mediated inflammatory disease

Question 12

immune mediated inflammatory diseases develop b/c the normal controls of the immune system have failed and can lead to ….

Answer 12

excessive reactions against foreign antigens

Question 13

immune mediated inflammatory diseases

Answer 13

UC, Crohn’s, RA, Lupus, Ankylosing, spondylitis, psoriasis, etc

Question 14

immune cells lie in 2 different fluids

Answer 14

the blood & lymph

Question 15

What are the 3 layers of the immune system

Answer 15

1. physical barriers or skin
2. innate immune system
3. adaptive immune system

Question 16

The first line of defense of your immune system is your skill and is called the ___ of your immune system

Answer 16

physical barrier

Question 17

It’s not just the skin on the outside, but also the skin on the inside of your body - meaning your “__.”

Answer 17

wet tissue

Question 18

wet tissue includes

Answer 18

the area around your eyes, respiratory system, reproductive system, and digestive system

Question 19

Your skin integrity is a critical part of your natural immunity. This protective barrier of the skin retards the entry of microbes with both its __ & __.

Answer 19

bacteria & pH

Question 20

We then have the __ __ as part of the barrier system (wet tissues) which contain more flora to compete with microbes and the mucous is capable of entrapping foreign microorganisms.

Answer 20

mucous mebranes

Question 21

Any invader that has been able to penetrate the physical barrier is then met by what is called the ___

Answer 21

innate immune system

Question 22

The innate immune system is housed in the __, __, and even the __, as well as the __ __ carried out by the secretions of salts, HCL, lactic acid, lipids, cytokines, chemokines & enzymes.

Answer 22

membranes, mucous linings, hair, chemical activities

Question 23

it’s the job of the innate immune system to sort out __ vs __

Answer 23

self vs dangerous (or non-self)

Question 24

the innate immune system can be compromised in its decision-making process when the system (or pool) is overloaded with __ or __

Answer 24

pathogens or toxins

Question 25

Each part of the immune system's ability to focus on what's dangerous allows us to...

Answer 25

1. tolerate the foreign matter in the air we breath & food we eat 2. accept a transient virus that enters the cells but doesn't linger or present any damage 3. live with the commensal bacteria in our gut 4. grow fetuses

Question 26

the biggest player in the innate immune system is a type of cell called ___

Answer 26

macrophage

Question 27

macrophage is the cell often referred to as the ___ of the immune system

Answer 27

PacMan

Question 28

The macrophage has __ __ that are innately trained to be on the lookout for dangerous molecules or invaders.

Answer 28

special antennae

Question 29

Phagocytosis- step 1

Answer 29

macrophage engulfs the bacterium in a pouch called a phagosome

Question 30

Phagocytosis - step 2

Answer 30

the phagosome is pulled deep into the macrophage where it merges with another pouch called a lysosome

Question 31

Phagocytosis - step 3

Answer 31

the lysosome contains enzymes and chemicals that are powerful enough to kill the bacterium; and then kill it

Question 32

The ingestion by a cell of a microorganism, cell particle, or other matter, surround and engulfed by the cell

Answer 32

phagocytosis

Question 33

Macrophages (along with other blood cells in your body) come from one of your __ __ __

Answer 33

primary lymph organs

Question 34

The __ __ is where many of the immune cells hang out - its where they’re either born, transported for development and schooling or where they reside- during or in between bouts of foreign invaders.

Answer 34

lymph system

Question 35

immune system (____) + lymphatic system (____) = lymphatic-immune system

Answer 35

immune system (made of constituents in the bloodstream) + lymphatic system (series of vessels and organs that contain lymph) = lymphatic-immune system

Question 36

clear, fluid filtrate of the blood

Answer 36

lymph

Question 37

lymph vessels =

Answer 37

immune superhighway

Question 38

lymph vessels are a huge part of your immune system's __ __

Answer 38

communication network

Question 39

what are the 2 primary lymph organs

Answer 39

1. bone marrow 2. thymus gland

Question 40

flexible tissues found in the interior of bones

Answer 40

bone marrow

Question 41

the primary place for the production of our blood cells, originating from stem cells

Answer 41

bone marrow

Question 42

the immune system is largely comprised of the __ __ __- made in bone marrow & then sent out to the bloodstream

Answer 42

white blood cells

Question 43

primary lymph organ located behind the breast bone

Answer 43

thymus gland

Question 44

T-lymphocytes (Th1 - white blood cells) go to the __ __ to mature

Answer 44

thymus gland

Question 45

secondary organs in the lymph system

Answer 45

- tonsils - spleen - galt - malt - balt -nalt

Question 46

the type of white blood cell that leaves the bone marrow to become a macrophage is called a __

Answer 46

monocyte

Question 47

Once monocytes have left the bone marrow, they populate the blood stream for around __ __

Answer 47

3 days

Question 48

Monocytes get a foothold in the body's tissues where they can mature into __

Answer 48

macrophages

Question 49

Monocytes should make up about __ - __% of your WBC panel

Answer 49

3-7%

Question 50

When monocytes are elevated on a WBC it could be due to ...

Answer 50

EBV, IBD, or other general infectiosn

Question 51

Macrophages secrete specific proteins called __. These are messengers that signal further immune response.

Answer 51

cytokines

Question 52

__ __ __ are important factors in being able to destroy wayward cells, particularly some cancer cells

Answer 52

natural killer cells

Question 53

white blood cells that are born from the bone marrow and live only a short time in the bloodstream (about 5 days)

Answer 53

neutrophiles

Question 54

Neutrophils vs Macrophages

Answer 54

both = phagocytic (eat things up) neutrophils = don't wait around in the tissue, but appear on the scene when they're summoned from other constituents in the blood & become fully activated to kill

Question 55

__ are the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection

Answer 55

neutrophils

Question 56

Neutrophils release chemicals that turn tissues into a toxic wasteland for unlucky invaders. They are designed to kill themselves after this short time in a process called __

Answer 56

apoptosis (cell death)

Question 57

Neutrophils should be the most proliferative type of white blood cell in your WBC at __ - __%

Answer 57

40-60%

Question 58

Neutrophils become activated through a 2-stage process

Answer 58

1- resting neutrophils can become primed by agents that include bacterial products & cytokines or chemokines 2- once primed, neutrophils are then mobilized to the site of infection or inflammation where they encounter other activating signals to trigger bacterial killing

Question 59

difference between macrophages vs neutrophils

Answer 59

macrophages - have arms that reach out and gobble up the invaders neutrophils - chase the bacteria around until they overtake it

Question 60

__ __ are able to punch little holes in the bacteria to destroy them. They are another part of the innate immune system.

Answer 60

Complete proteins

Question 61

The 3rd layer or line of defense is

Answer 61

adaptive immune system