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HC & Nutrition Study > Immune Intensive - Week 1 (Immune System Overview) > Flashcards

Immune Intensive - Week 1 (Immune System Overview) Flashcards

1
Q

The 4 major components of inflammation are

A
  1. heat
  2. redness
  3. swelling
  4. pain
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2
Q

The major components of inflammation are due to increased blood supply because ….

A

blood carries the soldiers of the body’s infection-fighting arm aka the white blood cells

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3
Q

Cells that kill or disarm anything that is not “you”

A

white blood cells

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the immune system?

A

The purpose of the immune system is to have a network of cells, tissues, and organs, working together to protect the body against foreign invaders

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5
Q

what do the cells of the immune system do?

A
  • defend against cellular damage
  • communicate important info to themselves (immune to immune cell)
  • communicate important info to other systems like nervous or endocrine systems
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6
Q

The army of cells perform 3 key tasks in order to function

A
  1. identify a foreign invader
  2. generate a series of communications
  3. launch an attack
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7
Q

Cells that may appear as invaders to your immune system

A
  • cancer cell
  • constituents from something you’ve eaten
  • virus
  • parasite
  • bad bacteria
  • toxins
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8
Q

The immune system is flexible and resilient; it’s known for it’s ___

A

plasticity

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9
Q

how we present, something over which our life experiences, exposures, and lifestyle have a significant influence

A

phenotype

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10
Q

the phenotypic immune expression can be one of health/balance or dysregulation - presenting as ___, ___, ___, or ___

A

chronic immune activation, autoimmunity, allergy or immunodeficiency

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11
Q

a group of conditions that share common inflammatory pathways & are a result of dysregulation of the immune response, leading to systemic inflammation

A

immune mediated inflammatory disease

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12
Q

immune mediated inflammatory diseases develop b/c the normal controls of the immune system have failed and can lead to ….

A

excessive reactions against foreign antigens

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13
Q

immune mediated inflammatory diseases

A

UC, Crohn’s, RA, Lupus, Ankylosing, spondylitis, psoriasis, etc

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14
Q

immune cells lie in 2 different fluids

A

the blood & lymph

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the immune system

A
  1. physical barriers or skin
  2. innate immune system
  3. adaptive immune system
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16
Q

The first line of defense of your immune system is your skill and is called the ___ of your immune system

A

physical barrier

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17
Q

It’s not just the skin on the outside, but also the skin on the inside of your body - meaning your “__.”

A

wet tissue

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18
Q

wet tissue includes

A

the area around your eyes, respiratory system, reproductive system, and digestive system

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19
Q

Your skin integrity is a critical part of your natural immunity. This protective barrier of the skin retards the entry of microbes with both its __ & __.

A

bacteria & pH

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20
Q

We then have the __ __ as part of the barrier system (wet tissues) which contain more flora to compete with microbes and the mucous is capable of entrapping foreign microorganisms.

A

mucous mebranes

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21
Q

Any invader that has been able to penetrate the physical barrier is then met by what is called the ___

A

innate immune system

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22
Q

The innate immune system is housed in the __, __, and even the __, as well as the __ __ carried out by the secretions of salts, HCL, lactic acid, lipids, cytokines, chemokines & enzymes.

A

membranes, mucous linings, hair, chemical activities

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23
Q

it’s the job of the innate immune system to sort out __ vs __

A

self vs dangerous (or non-self)

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24
Q

the innate immune system can be compromised in its decision-making process when the system (or pool) is overloaded with __ or __

A

pathogens or toxins

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25
Q

Each part of the immune system’s ability to focus on what’s dangerous allows us to…

A
  1. tolerate the foreign matter in the air we breath & food we eat
  2. accept a transient virus that enters the cells but doesn’t linger or present any damage
  3. live with the commensal bacteria in our gut
  4. grow fetuses
26
Q

the biggest player in the innate immune system is a type of cell called ___

A

macrophage

27
Q

macrophage is the cell often referred to as the ___ of the immune system

A

PacMan

28
Q

The macrophage has __ __ that are innately trained to be on the lookout for dangerous molecules or invaders.

A

special antennae

29
Q

Phagocytosis- step 1

A

macrophage engulfs the bacterium in a pouch called a phagosome

30
Q

Phagocytosis - step 2

A

the phagosome is pulled deep into the macrophage where it merges with another pouch called a lysosome

31
Q

Phagocytosis - step 3

A

the lysosome contains enzymes and chemicals that are powerful enough to kill the bacterium; and then kill it

32
Q

The ingestion by a cell of a microorganism, cell particle, or other matter, surround and engulfed by the cell

A

phagocytosis

33
Q

Macrophages (along with other blood cells in your body) come from one of your __ __ __

A

primary lymph organs

34
Q

The __ __ is where many of the immune cells hang out - its where they’re either born, transported for development and schooling or where they reside- during or in between bouts of foreign invaders.

A

lymph system

35
Q

immune system (____) + lymphatic system (____) = lymphatic-immune system

A

immune system (made of constituents in the bloodstream) + lymphatic system (series of vessels and organs that contain lymph) = lymphatic-immune system

36
Q

clear, fluid filtrate of the blood

A

lymph

37
Q

lymph vessels =

A

immune superhighway

38
Q

lymph vessels are a huge part of your immune system’s __ __

A

communication network

39
Q

what are the 2 primary lymph organs

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. thymus gland
40
Q

flexible tissues found in the interior of bones

A

bone marrow

41
Q

the primary place for the production of our blood cells, originating from stem cells

A

bone marrow

42
Q

the immune system is largely comprised of the __ __ __- made in bone marrow & then sent out to the bloodstream

A

white blood cells

43
Q

primary lymph organ located behind the breast bone

A

thymus gland

44
Q

T-lymphocytes (Th1 - white blood cells) go to the __ __ to mature

A

thymus gland

45
Q

secondary organs in the lymph system

A
  • tonsils
  • spleen
  • galt
  • malt
  • balt
    -nalt
46
Q

the type of white blood cell that leaves the bone marrow to become a macrophage is called a __

A

monocyte

47
Q

Once monocytes have left the bone marrow, they populate the blood stream for around __ __

A

3 days

48
Q

Monocytes get a foothold in the body’s tissues where they can mature into __

A

macrophages

49
Q

Monocytes should make up about __ - __% of your WBC panel

A

3-7%

50
Q

When monocytes are elevated on a WBC it could be due to …

A

EBV, IBD, or other general infectiosn

51
Q

Macrophages secrete specific proteins called __. These are messengers that signal further immune response.

A

cytokines

52
Q

__ __ __ are important factors in being able to destroy wayward cells, particularly some cancer cells

A

natural killer cells

53
Q

white blood cells that are born from the bone marrow and live only a short time in the bloodstream (about 5 days)

A

neutrophiles

54
Q

Neutrophils vs Macrophages

A

both = phagocytic (eat things up)
neutrophils = don’t wait around in the tissue, but appear on the scene when they’re summoned from other constituents in the blood & become fully activated to kill

55
Q

__ are the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection

A

neutrophils

56
Q

Neutrophils release chemicals that turn tissues into a toxic wasteland for unlucky invaders. They are designed to kill themselves after this short time in a process called __

A

apoptosis (cell death)

57
Q

Neutrophils should be the most proliferative type of white blood cell in your WBC at __ - __%

A

40-60%

58
Q

Neutrophils become activated through a 2-stage process

A

1- resting neutrophils can become primed by agents that include bacterial products & cytokines or chemokines
2- once primed, neutrophils are then mobilized to the site of infection or inflammation where they encounter other activating signals to trigger bacterial killing

59
Q

difference between macrophages vs neutrophils

A

macrophages - have arms that reach out and gobble up the invaders
neutrophils - chase the bacteria around until they overtake it

60
Q

__ __ are able to punch little holes in the bacteria to destroy them. They are another part of the innate immune system.

A

Complete proteins

61
Q

The 3rd layer or line of defense is

A

adaptive immune system

HC & Nutrition Study (22 decks)

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