IDR-block3a Flashcards
Active and Passive immunity, which one wanes over time? Active and Passive Immunity, which one is produced by the individual’s immune system?
Active:permanent/ Passive:not permanent Active: made by own immune system / Passive: transferred from another person/animal
Immune response is stimulated in response to challenge with an immunogen What is direct exposure to an infectious agent? What is intentional exposure to microbes or their antigens in vaccine preparations?
Active-Natural Immunity Active Passive Immunity
What is the transfer of immunity for transient protection or treatment? What is transplacental maternal antibodies to fetus or antibodies in breast milk to neonate?
Passive-Artificial Immunity
Passive-Natural Immunity
What are risks of passively transferred Immune Preparations?
Allergic reactions/anaphylactic reactions, serum sickness, Transmission of blood borne pathogens, and Immunosuppression
A microbe that causes disease is cultured in an environment that selects against pathogenicity. The evolved microbe derived from the disease-causing strain has almost all of the same epitopes as the pathogenic strain, but isn’t able to cause disease. What type of vaccine is this?
Live attenuated
A microbe that causes disease is killed via heating or chemical treatment is what type of vaccine?
Whole Killed
Particular proteins known to be important for pathogenicity are used in the vaccine. What subunit vaccine is this?
Acellular subunit
An inactivated version of an A/B toxin is used as the basis for the vaccine. What subunit vaccine is this?
Toxoid
What is this vaccine? The carbohydrate capsule made by some bacteria is used in the vaccine. Since carbohydrates are poorly immunogenic, the carbohydrate is typically complexed with a protein
Anti-Capsular
What type of vaccine must replicate to be effective? Attenuated Strains, genetically engineered What type uses are there?
Live attenuated Vaccines Protection requiring T cell immune response and/or a secreted IgA response
What are two examples of attenuated vaccines? How do they work?
Oral Polio vaccine and Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Polio:Cell Mediated Immunity->gut mucosa BCG ->vaccine against TB, comprised of myobacteria, replicated inside dermal macrophages and dendritic cells
What are the Live Attenuated Vaccines advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages: Immune Response similar to natural infection, low dose, often effective with one dose, cell mediated and humoral response (TH1 and TH2) response
Why are live attenuated vaccines very effective?
They replicate, sustained exposure to antigen, they replicate intracellulary, present on MHC1, stimulating cytotoxic T cells (CMI as well as Ab), they replicate at the actual site of infection-> producing the right type of response int he right place
What is special about the whole killed/inactivated vaccines? What are the uses of the whole killed/inactivated vaccines?
Components cannot replicate, heat inactivation of whole bacteria or viruses Microbes which cannot be attenuated, microbes with oncogenic potential
What are the disadvantages of whole killed/inactivated vaccines, besides anaphylaxis? What is example of this vaccine?
Not as effective as live vaccines, lack of life-long immunity, large doses, need 3-5 doses, antibody titer may diminish with time, boosters needed
What are the acellular subunit vaccines? Why use this and how is the preparation?
Components of microbe that are associated with virulence are used in vaccine, cannot replicate Isolation of components from cultured microbes/overexpression Avoid complications from whole killed vaccines
What are the disadvantages of subunit/fractional vaccines?
Lack of lifelong immunity, require boosters Larger doses Humoral response may be the only response Adverse effects: Anaphylaxis
What molecules cause prolongation of antigen persistence, enhancement of co-stimulatory signals, induction of granulomas, induction of nonspecific lymphocyte proliferation: bystander vaccination effect?
Adjuvants
Give an example of a subunit vaccine?
Acellular Boredtella Pertussis
A Toxoid vaccine is involved in what type of bacterial replication?
Lysogenic Conversion
What are the disadvantages of toxoid vaccines?
Immunity induced by toxoid vaccines is not long lasting as that induced by live attenuated or whole killed vaccines
DTaP vaccine is an inactivated version of what two toxins?
Diphtheria toxin and tetanus toxin
What does the A/B toxin bind with to prevent transcription?
EF-2
What are the disadvantages of anti-capsular vaccines?
Carbohydrates are poorly immunogenic. To increase their immunogenicity, the carbohydrates from an encapsulated pathogen may be conjugated to proteins. Also, some bacteria have many different capsular types. An immune response against one capsule type is not protective against other capsule types
What can help tackle capsular bacteria?
Antibodies, increased complement activation
What refers to the idea that not everyone needs to be vaccinated to gain protection against a disease, as long as they’re surrounded by people who are immune to that disease?
Herd Immunity
What three disease have essentially been eliminated in the US?
Diphtheria, polio, and measles
________ was eradicated in 1977 as the result of a global vaccination campaign
Smallpox
What is called an endotoxin, can be activated through two different pathways?
LPS, TLR4, two pathways
What disease has the B-subunit binding to intestinal epithelia, and A-subunit increasing cAMP?
Cholera toxin
What is a B-subunit that binds to motor neurons, A-subunit stops acetylcholine release?
Botulism toxin
Give an example of live attenuated vaccines 9 total
Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella zoster, rotavirus, vaccinia (smallpox), Sabin oral polio, intranasal influenza, yellow fever
Give an example of inactivated vaccine 7 total
Hep A, rabies, Influenza, Salk polio, typhoid, cholera, plague
Give an example of recombinant sub-unit vaccines. 4 total
Acellular Pertussis,Human Papilloma Virus (quadrivalent), Anthrax, Hepatitis B
Give an example of a toxoid vaccine 3 total
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Cholera
What are the two subunits on Bordtella pertussis that vaccines look for?
Pertactin and Hemagglutinin
What does hepatitis B vaccine bind too?
Hepatitis B antigen
Why does an eldery person need a non-protein conjugated vaccine?
The vaccine can cover more capsule types, older person doesn’t have an active thymus, must rely on B1 reactions
In a patient symptom set, if doesn’t hurt and not necrotic comes up, what is a strong case for this “thing”?
A/B toxin, with the three mechanisms
What are dark lines in the nail beds called?
Splinter Hemorrhages
What are tender nodules on the digits?
Osler Nodes
What are the Janeway lesions?
Non-tender maculae on the palms and soles
What are the Roth Spots?
Rare retinal hemorrhages with small, clear center
What bug has SE-A, SE-B, and SE-C?
Staphylococcal Aureus Superantigens
What bug are SPE-A, SPE-B, SPE-C?
Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins NOT S. Aureus
What is a good adjuvant for vaccines?
Toll like receptors
What are good vaccines that will help with children just born?
Hepatitis B and DTap
What two vaccines are anti-capsular, that are protein conjugated for children?
Meningococcal, Men B
Pneumococcal, Hib, and Hib are anti-capsular, but they are what?
Not protein conjugated, best for elderly, no more thymus
Carbohydrates can bind to B-cell receptors, but not to T-cell receptors. So you’ll never get __________ from an anti-capsule vaccine, and you won’t get so much antibody either.
cell-mediated immunity, get a little IgM
Live attenuated vaccines make a humoral and ____________response. What antibodies do they make and why?
cell mediated IgA -> make antibodies in the area that are needed
Whole killed bacteria –> use what immune response?
humoral only
Micrococcus, Kytococcus, and Kocuria species of bacteria are Gram-positive cocci that grow on the skin, they show up as what in a gram stain?
tetrads, non-pathogenic, can mess up a patient sample, they are gamma hemolytic
What is the most common source of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus Pneumonia
