Block1 Flashcards
Mammalian RBC is how many nm?
10,000 nm
Which is bigger, poliovirus or HIV
HIV
Which is bigger, Rabies virus or Smallpox virus?
Smallpox virus
Which is bigger Influenza virus or Rabies virus?
Rabies virus
What is the typical bacillus length?
3000 nm
Do bacteriophages affect humans or bacteria?
Bacteria
A virus that is made up of a capsid, what is that?
A protein cover consisting of capsomere
What is the common phrase that describes viruses?
Icosahedral nucleocapsid
Why do viruses invade host cells?
They want to use cell machinery in order to replicate
How are viruses brought into the picture?
Endocytosis
What is the toll like receptor that is triggered by dsRNA?
TLR3
What is the receptor that triggers lipid A?
TLR4
What is the receptor that triggers TLR 2 and 6?
Lipoteichoic Acid
Bacterial lipoproteins trigger what toll like receptors?
TLR 1 and 2
Mannose-conjugate proteins trigger what toll like receptors?
TLR 2 and 6
What is TLR 7 and 8?
Viruses with RNA genomes, endosomal RNA
Unmethylated CpG islands is what TLR receptor?
TLR 9
What is the target for NOD1?
Peptidoglycan alanine-alanine bridges
What is the toll like receptor for NAM?
NOD2
Lysozyme is found where? What does it do?
Human tears and mucus Breaks the bond between NAM and NAG
What will not fit through the porins in gram negative bacteria?
Lysozyme, Vancomycin, Dapomycin
Daptomycin does what?
Binds to the phosphtidylglycerol, in the plasma membrane
What destroys LPS?
Polymyxin B and colistin
Isoniazid and pyrazinamide attack what bacteria? These drugs inhibit what?
Acid fast bacteria, inhibit myolic acid production
What type of antibiotic, also called a lipopeptide, binds to the phosphotidylglycerol?
Daptomycin
What type of antibiotic, also called a glycopeptide, binds to alanine-alanine bridges in the cell wall?
Vancomycin
What types of antibiotics are 1st generation? Are these susceptible to Beta-Lactamases?
Amoxicillin, Penicillin, and ampicillin Yes
What type of drugs are resistant to beta lactamases? What kind of a suffix do they have?
2nd generation -cillins, cephs, or cefs
Beta lactams bind to what enzyme, which prevents cell wall synthesis?
Transpeptidase
What modifications can the enzyme make in order to become resistant to beta lactams?
Transpeptidase can alter the “penicillin binding site”
Isoniazid inhibits myolic acid, but must be activated by __________
catalase
Pyrazinimide inhibits myolic acid production via _________________
fatty acid synthesis
Carbol Fuchsin and Methylene blue are used for what staining technique?
Acid fast bacteria
What color will an acid fast bacteria turn stained versus not acid fast?
Acid fast is red Not acid fast is blue
What color will Gram stain negative and positive turn?
Gram negative is pink Gram positive is purple
What four chemicals are used for gram staining?
Crystal Violet -> color/stain the bacteria Gram iodine -> clot the stain Decolorizer -> acetone/alcohol Safarnin Red -> stain red/pink if not gram positive
What is this shape?

Coccobacillus
What is this?

Fusiform Bacillus
What is this picture?

Spirillum
What is this picture?

Spirochete
What is this picture?

Vibro
What is the correct order of the 5 viruses in terms of size?
Polio, ____________, Influenza, ___________, and Smallpox
HIV
Rabies
Biofilms do not have susceptibility to ___________ and __________
antiseptics and antibiotics
Bacteria motility through tumbiling and swimming away from poision and toward food is __________
chemotaxis
Monotrichous is what?
Amphitrichous is what?
One flagella
One flagella on each side
Lopotrichous is what?
Peritrichous is what?
Flagella on one side
Flagella on all sides
A proton gradient causes the flagellin to spin one direction, what causes the flagellin to spin the opposite direction?
ATP
Pilli and Fimbrae have proteins called ___________ with subunits called adhesins on their tips.
When the pili contract, what is the name of the movement?
Only found in what kind of bacteria?
pillin, extensions of the cell envelope
twitching motility
Gram negative
Spores have two distinct chemicals on their cell walls?
peptidoglycan and dipicolinate
What type of bacteria require oxygen and are catalase positive?
Obligate aerobes
What bacteria are catalse negative and cannot tolerate oxygen?
Obliage anaerobes
What bacteria are catalase positive, can grow anaerobically but prefer an oxygen environment?
Faculative anaerobes
What bacteria tolerate but do not use oxygen, catalase positive?
Aerotolerant aerobes
What bacteria use small amounts of oxygen, and produce small amounts of catalse?
Microaerophiles
Capsules are made by what?
Biofilms are made by what?
Capsules are made by individual bacteria
Biofilms are made by dense populations of bacteria
A flagellum will spin what direction to make the flagellum move straight?
A flagellum will spin what direction make the flagellum tumble, move randomly?
Counterclockwise
Clockwise
What is the rate limiting step for bacterial division?
Peptidoglycan/ mycolic acid -> cell wall synthesis
Staph and Strept only apply to what shape of bacteria?
Strept is latin for what?
Staph is latin for what?
Cocci
Strept = beads of a necklace
Staph = clump of grapes
What is a contraindication for Metronidazole?
taken with alcohol, flushing, nausea, high pulse
Metronidazole is a medication that can be used against which bacteria? Which cannot be used against?
Obligate anaerobes ok
Not ok with against aerobes/faculative anaerobes
What spores have what special chemical and come from what brand of bacteria?
Dipicolinate
Gram +
A spore forming bacteria is staining pink? Why is that happening?
Spore forming bacteria are only suppose to gram positive, however, the spores steal the peptidoglycan from the host bacteria in order to make their cell envelope
The lack of peptidoglycan with a gram stain yields a pink stain
Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Thermophiles, and extreme thermophiles were the described bacteria for temperature ranges. Which one will most likely affect humans?
Mesophiles
Metronidazole is ineffective against what species of bacteria?
Effective against what kind?
Aerobes/facultative anaerobes
Effective against Obligate anaerobe, regardless of gram stain or bacteria/anything else
Azthyromycin binds to what?
Tetracycline binds to what?
Large ribosomal subunit (50S)
Small Subunit (30S)
Staph and Strept only apply to what shape of bacteria?
Cocci
What gene is needed to pinch off bacteria replication? If not present what will happen?
FTSZ
The gene will just get longer
Tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit of RNA Polymerase Transcription, what action is the antibiotic preventing?
The start codon is blocked, stopping the initiation phase of translation
Macrolides bind the 50s subunit of RNA Polymerase III, what part of translation do macrolides prevent?
elongation phase of translation
A blood augar plate has beta hemolytic bactera, what bacteria grow near the beta hemolytic bacteria, but cannot breakdown the RBCs by themselves?
satelite colonies