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IDR > Block1 > Flashcards

Block1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mammalian RBC is how many nm?

A

10,000 nm

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2
Q

Which is bigger, poliovirus or HIV

A

HIV

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3
Q

Which is bigger, Rabies virus or Smallpox virus?

A

Smallpox virus

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4
Q

Which is bigger Influenza virus or Rabies virus?

A

Rabies virus

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5
Q

What is the typical bacillus length?

A

3000 nm

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6
Q

Do bacteriophages affect humans or bacteria?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

A virus that is made up of a capsid, what is that?

A

A protein cover consisting of capsomere

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8
Q

What is the common phrase that describes viruses?

A

Icosahedral nucleocapsid

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9
Q

Why do viruses invade host cells?

A

They want to use cell machinery in order to replicate

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10
Q

How are viruses brought into the picture?

A

Endocytosis

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11
Q

What is the toll like receptor that is triggered by dsRNA?

A

TLR3

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12
Q

What is the receptor that triggers lipid A?

A

TLR4

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13
Q

What is the receptor that triggers TLR 2 and 6?

A

Lipoteichoic Acid

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14
Q

Bacterial lipoproteins trigger what toll like receptors?

A

TLR 1 and 2

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15
Q

Mannose-conjugate proteins trigger what toll like receptors?

A

TLR 2 and 6

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16
Q

What is TLR 7 and 8?

A

Viruses with RNA genomes, endosomal RNA

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17
Q

Unmethylated CpG islands is what TLR receptor?

A

TLR 9

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18
Q

What is the target for NOD1?

A

Peptidoglycan alanine-alanine bridges

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19
Q

What is the toll like receptor for NAM?

A

NOD2

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20
Q

Lysozyme is found where? What does it do?

A

Human tears and mucus Breaks the bond between NAM and NAG

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21
Q

What will not fit through the porins in gram negative bacteria?

A

Lysozyme, Vancomycin, Dapomycin

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22
Q

Daptomycin does what?

A

Binds to the phosphtidylglycerol, in the plasma membrane

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23
Q

What destroys LPS?

A

Polymyxin B and colistin

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24
Q

Isoniazid and pyrazinamide attack what bacteria? These drugs inhibit what?

A

Acid fast bacteria, inhibit myolic acid production

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25
Q

What type of antibiotic, also called a lipopeptide, binds to the phosphotidylglycerol?

A

Daptomycin

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26
Q

What type of antibiotic, also called a glycopeptide, binds to alanine-alanine bridges in the cell wall?

A

Vancomycin

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27
Q

What types of antibiotics are 1st generation? Are these susceptible to Beta-Lactamases?

A

Amoxicillin, Penicillin, and ampicillin Yes

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28
Q

What type of drugs are resistant to beta lactamases? What kind of a suffix do they have?

A

2nd generation -cillins, cephs, or cefs

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29
Q

Beta lactams bind to what enzyme, which prevents cell wall synthesis?

A

Transpeptidase

30
Q

What modifications can the enzyme make in order to become resistant to beta lactams?

A

Transpeptidase can alter the “penicillin binding site”

31
Q

Isoniazid inhibits myolic acid, but must be activated by __________

A

catalase

32
Q

Pyrazinimide inhibits myolic acid production via _________________

A

fatty acid synthesis

33
Q

Carbol Fuchsin and Methylene blue are used for what staining technique?

A

Acid fast bacteria

34
Q

What color will an acid fast bacteria turn stained versus not acid fast?

A

Acid fast is red Not acid fast is blue

35
Q

What color will Gram stain negative and positive turn?

A

Gram negative is pink Gram positive is purple

36
Q

What four chemicals are used for gram staining?

A

Crystal Violet -> color/stain the bacteria Gram iodine -> clot the stain Decolorizer -> acetone/alcohol Safarnin Red -> stain red/pink if not gram positive

37
Q

What is this shape?

A

Coccobacillus

38
Q

What is this?

A

Fusiform Bacillus

39
Q

What is this picture?

A

Spirillum

40
Q

What is this picture?

A

Spirochete

41
Q

What is this picture?

A

Vibro

42
Q

What is the correct order of the 5 viruses in terms of size?

Polio, ____________, Influenza, ___________, and Smallpox

A

HIV

Rabies

43
Q

Biofilms do not have susceptibility to ___________ and __________

A

antiseptics and antibiotics

44
Q

Bacteria motility through tumbiling and swimming away from poision and toward food is __________

A

chemotaxis

45
Q

Monotrichous is what?

Amphitrichous is what?

A

One flagella

One flagella on each side

46
Q

Lopotrichous is what?

Peritrichous is what?

A

Flagella on one side

Flagella on all sides

47
Q

A proton gradient causes the flagellin to spin one direction, what causes the flagellin to spin the opposite direction?

A

ATP

48
Q

Pilli and Fimbrae have proteins called ___________ with subunits called adhesins on their tips.

When the pili contract, what is the name of the movement?

Only found in what kind of bacteria?

A

pillin, extensions of the cell envelope

twitching motility

Gram negative

49
Q

Spores have two distinct chemicals on their cell walls?

A

peptidoglycan and dipicolinate

50
Q

What type of bacteria require oxygen and are catalase positive?

A

Obligate aerobes

51
Q

What bacteria are catalse negative and cannot tolerate oxygen?

A

Obliage anaerobes

52
Q

What bacteria are catalase positive, can grow anaerobically but prefer an oxygen environment?

A

Faculative anaerobes

53
Q

What bacteria tolerate but do not use oxygen, catalase positive?

A

Aerotolerant aerobes

54
Q

What bacteria use small amounts of oxygen, and produce small amounts of catalse?

A

Microaerophiles

55
Q

Capsules are made by what?

Biofilms are made by what?

A

Capsules are made by individual bacteria

Biofilms are made by dense populations of bacteria

56
Q

A flagellum will spin what direction to make the flagellum move straight?

A flagellum will spin what direction make the flagellum tumble, move randomly?

A

Counterclockwise

Clockwise

57
Q

What is the rate limiting step for bacterial division?

A

Peptidoglycan/ mycolic acid -> cell wall synthesis

58
Q

Staph and Strept only apply to what shape of bacteria?

Strept is latin for what?

Staph is latin for what?

A

Cocci

Strept = beads of a necklace

Staph = clump of grapes

59
Q

What is a contraindication for Metronidazole?

A

taken with alcohol, flushing, nausea, high pulse

60
Q

Metronidazole is a medication that can be used against which bacteria? Which cannot be used against?

A

Obligate anaerobes ok

Not ok with against aerobes/faculative anaerobes

61
Q

What spores have what special chemical and come from what brand of bacteria?

A

Dipicolinate

Gram +

62
Q

A spore forming bacteria is staining pink? Why is that happening?

A

Spore forming bacteria are only suppose to gram positive, however, the spores steal the peptidoglycan from the host bacteria in order to make their cell envelope

The lack of peptidoglycan with a gram stain yields a pink stain

63
Q

Psychrophiles, Mesophiles, Thermophiles, and extreme thermophiles were the described bacteria for temperature ranges. Which one will most likely affect humans?

A

Mesophiles

64
Q

Metronidazole is ineffective against what species of bacteria?

Effective against what kind?

A

Aerobes/facultative anaerobes

Effective against Obligate anaerobe, regardless of gram stain or bacteria/anything else

65
Q

Azthyromycin binds to what?

Tetracycline binds to what?

A

Large ribosomal subunit (50S)

Small Subunit (30S)

66
Q

Staph and Strept only apply to what shape of bacteria?

A

Cocci

67
Q

What gene is needed to pinch off bacteria replication? If not present what will happen?

A

FTSZ

The gene will just get longer

68
Q

Tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit of RNA Polymerase Transcription, what action is the antibiotic preventing?

A

The start codon is blocked, stopping the initiation phase of translation

69
Q

Macrolides bind the 50s subunit of RNA Polymerase III, what part of translation do macrolides prevent?

A

elongation phase of translation

70
Q

A blood augar plate has beta hemolytic bactera, what bacteria grow near the beta hemolytic bacteria, but cannot breakdown the RBCs by themselves?

A

satelite colonies

IDR (13 decks)

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