Block2a Flashcards
What type of macrophage normally makes IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6?
M1, interacts with TH1 helper cells, kill, kill
What type of macrophages work with IL-10?
Tissue repair and immune regulation, M2
NO reacts with superoxide to make what? What does this molecule assist with?
Peroxynitrite, Reduction of blood pressure, increased blood flow
How can an efflux pump be beat? If gram negative, and overwhelming the bacteria does not work, then what?
Overwhelm the amount of the material going into the cell The porin size can be restricted
The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and ___________
loss of function
Name three attractants for PMN to follow?
IL-8, C3a, C5a
PECAM-1, platlet endothelial cell adhesion molecule is also called what? and does what?
CD31, allows the respective gaps in cells for PMNs to lead through
Inhibit platelet aggregation, increase vascular permeability, induce smooth muscle contraction, edema
Prostaglandins
Increase vascular permeability, Induce smooth muscle contraction, chemotaxis
Leukotrienes
CRP SAA Fibrinogen MBL These are produced where and by what?
C reactive protein Serum amyloid A protein Fibrinogen Mannose Binding Lectin Liver and stimulation by IL-6
During chronic inflammation, what thing, clears tissue of the products of inflammation by action of phagocytosis coupled with lysosomal enzymes and set the stage for tissue repair; it is the primary scavenger and repair cell in chronic inflammation?
Tissue macrophages
Are tissue macrophages in low or high numbers before inflammation begins?
low
When bacterial infection or trauma happens, the macrophages activates what by IL-1? IL-12? IL-12 and IL-18
IL-1: macrophages, all T-cells IL-12 T helper cells IL-12 and IL-18 NK T cells (adaptive and innate immune system)
_____________ interact with Th1 cells. Production of cytokines by Th1 cells upregulate the intracellular killing of microbes, by activating cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T-cells) and promoting natural killer cell (NK cell) recognition and killing of target cells
M1 macrophage
________________ interact with Th2 cells. Th2 cells activate antibody production by B cells, driving extracellular disabling of pathogens and killing via phagocytosis enhanced by antibodies serving as opsonins. Aberrant _________ regulation of Th2 adaptive immune responses can cause allergies.
M2 macrophages
A patient has asbestos, the macrophages cannot break it down upon consumption, upon TH1 interaction, what is secreted to make a granuloma, maintained by macrophages?
IFN-gamma
What bones are responsible for the birth of pluripotent blood cells?
Flat bones (sternum, ribs, vertebrae) Hips/pelvis
What are the primary lymphoid tissues, that are the primary site of development?
Thymus and bone
What site include lymph nodes, spleen, and non-encapsulated lymphoid tissues distributed throughout the body; they are sites where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens and respond to organisms or molecules and mature to become effector cells?
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
What are the primary lymphoid organs during conception that are the primary lymphoid organs?
Fetal yolk sac and fetal liver and spleen
CD3 is what marker? CD19 and CD20 are what marker? Monocyte is what number?
T cell B cell CD14
What is this picture? What is produced from this
Thymus, makes mature T-cells
What is the tissue specimen here?
What is the area of this tissue called? What is the name of the area around the “center”?
spleen
Germinal Cell, PALS
What are the arrows pointing at?
Is this generating a immunological response?
Dark zone, Light Zone, and Central Artery of the spleen
Yes, Central artery is no longer central
Where do the majorty of immature B cells reside? The more mature B cells reside where?
Subendosteum of bone
Deep in the bone
What do the thymus and spleen not have?
When T-cells are moving from the cortex to medulla (in the thymus), they are what?
Lymphatic flow
Maturing, making sure they react to foreign antigen and not self antigen
The secondary lymph tissue that lines the respiratory, GI, and reproductive tracts have what kind of lymphatics?
efferent only
In the gut, MALT is encapsulated or uncapsulated?
Many lymphocytes are in the Gut, what flavor are they?
How do these cells recognize antigens, how do they regulate the immune system at the mucosal system?
Uncapsulated
Tcell, gamma delta
No MHC presentation and cytokines
regulate the immune system at that level, possible link to Chron’s disease here, constantly inflammed gut
With respect to the tonsils, name the three parts to Waldyers ring.
Which ones are normal removed or called adenoids upon infection?
Palatine, Lingual, Pharyngeal
Pharyngeal
With respect to the Spleen:
The red pulp does what?
The white pulp has what parts?
The three parts of the white pulp have what
Red Pulp deals with dead red blood cells
White pulp has the marginal zone, PALS, Primary Follicles, Germinal Center -> primary follicles
PALS is the T-cells
Marginal Zone is the B1 cells (little help with T-cells)
The lymph node has what parts?
Subcapsule, Capsule, Cortex, Paracortex, and Medulla
The lymph node, in the cortex has what?
In the paracortex?
In the Medulla?
Cortex has the Germinal Centers -> primary follicles, at which point the macrophages, dendritic cells show B-cells in the cortex
Can show antigen to T cells in the paracortex
Paracortex is T cells
Medulla is the B-cells, T-cells, medulla, and plasma cells (help make antibodies)
What are located in villi of the small intestine to move nutrients through the lymph?
What is at the top of the Peyer’s patch? What does this do or contain?
intraeptihelial lymphocytes
M-cell, the pinocytosis of the gut, contains gamma delta T cells
The appendix is commonly removed or thought to be useless, why is it smart to hang onto this secondary lymphoid tissue?
The appendix has the “seeds” for the body’s normal flora
The thoracic duct drains into where?
The right lymphatic duct drains into where?
When a cell wants to go through from blood to lymph, what must it travel through?
Thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein
Right Lymphatic duct drains into the right subclavian vein
A lymph node
In the human body, if there are high lymphocytes, what could it be?
If their are low lymphocytes, what could it be?
High: Leukemia
Low: HIV
What type of T cells are not selected by the thymus?
What type of T cells are selected by the thymus?
gamma delta are not selected
alpha beta are selected, make CD4 and CD8
What are the subclasses for IgG?
What are the subclasses for IgA?
IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
IgA1, IgA2
What types of antibodies stimulate the complement cascade?
What types of antibodies can cross via the bramble receptor?
IgG1, IgG3, IgG4 (can bind and move via the bramble receptor)
IgM stimulates complement cascade, best
IgG1, IgG3 2nd best complement cascade
What types of light chains are there?
Kappa and lambda
What are the most common antibodies in the blood?
What are the first made and indicate an acute infection or lesser infection?
IgG
IgM
What antibodies have a J chain to hold them intact?
IgA and IgM
What is a better opsonin IgG or IgM?
What is a better at starting the complement cascade?
Which antibodies can be made by B1 and B2 cells?
IgG
IgM
IgG and IgM
Heavy Chain consists of what?
Alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, mu
Where does pepsin cleave?
Where does papsin cleave?
What antibodies are these medications primarily connected with?
C
B
IgE and IgM
What is the white are in the picture, what is this cell doing?
On the cell in the picture? What type of receptors does it have?
A B cell is making antibodies, the white area is the ER
B-cell, CD19/20, MHC1 and MCH2
What are the enzymes that the NK cells use? What are the Interleukins that are stimulated?
What defense system are the NK cells apart of?
Performins and Granzymes, IL-12 and IFN-gamma
Innate and Adapative Immune system, then the ADCC
an immune response (humoral or cell-mediated) generating substance. It is recognized as foreign has a certain degree of chemical complexity has a molecular mass usually in excess of 5 kD
Immunogen
substance capable of binding specifically with the final products of the immune response effectors generated by an immunogen
antigen
that portion of an antigen that binds specifically to the recognition molecules of the immune system (secreted antibodies or membrane receptors)
Epitope/antigenic determinant
a small molecule which can function as an antigen, but which is incapable, by itself, of inducing an immune response. (A hapten is NOT an immunogen)
Hapten
molecules which interact with the immune response to make a molecule that is weakly antigenic, more antigenic
Adjuvants
What three things define an immunogen?
Physical properties, chemical composition, and biological properties
Function and bodily distribution of antibodies is determined by what?
Isotype
What signal do stromal cells secrete in order attract mature, but naive B cells?
Dendritic cells secrete CCL19 and CCL21? then bind to what?
CCL21
CCL19 and CCL21
CCR7 of the B cell
Frequently asso-ciated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
and autoimmune disease, what would that be?
B1 cells
What three things do B cells do that T cells cannot?
NO class switching (replacement of heavy chain constant region)
NO somatic hypermutation -> while bound to an antigen move bases around to bind better
TdT activity during both α, β chains (vs heavy chain only with Ig)
The combination of HLA alleles found on a given chromosome 6 is known as a __________; each individual expresses both alleles of each HLA gene ___________.
haplotype
codominance
What are the two different things that are needed for T cells completing Diapedesis through the HEV?
GLYCAM-1 and CD34
The leukocytes use CD31
