IB History #4 Flashcards
Advisor…MLK
Ralph Abernathy
Montgomery Improvement Association and bus boycott…
- Trusted assistant
- advisor of MLK
- civil rights leader.
- organized the Montgomery Improvement Association and bus boycott.
- Co-founded the SCLC
- became SCLC president after King’s assassination
- organized Poor People’s Campaign in 1968.
Minister
Fred Shuttlesworth
Birmingham Campaign…
- Minster
- civil rights activist.
- Co-founder of SCLC
- helped organize the Birmingham Campaign in 1963.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
principles of Martin Luther King Jr.
- student civil rights group
- 1960
- mentorship = activist Ella Baker.
- interracial and nonhierarchical
- practiced principles of Martin Luther King Jr.
- expelled nonblack members due to a rise in violence
- promoted “black power” and the teachings of Malcolm X.
Nonviolent civil disobedience
resistance
Nonviolent resistance to unjust laws
Diane Nash
sit-in movement in Nashville…
- Civil rights activist
- cofounder of SNCC.
- Spearheaded the sit-in movement in Nashville, TN and the Freedom Rides
- Also Alabama Voting Rights Project and the Selma Voting Rights Movement in 1965.
American Educator
Bob Moses
field secretary of SNCC
- American educator
- civil rights activist
- known for his work as a field secretary of SNCC
- during 1964 “Freedom Summer” voter registration in Mississippi.
Nonviolent direct action
dramatize the issue …
- Tactics
- Ex: marches, boycotts, picketing, sit-ins
- creates tension
- forces a community to confront an issue they refuse to confront.
Original Freedom Rider
Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)
organized voting rights movements in Mississippi and Alabama…
- Civil rights activists
- Organizer.
- Original Freedom Rider
- organized voting rights movements in Mississippi and Alabama
- Leader of SNCC.
- key leader in the Black Power movement.
- Sought to create all black political organizations. EX: Lowndes County Freedom Organization.
James Farmer
CORE Co-founder…
- Co-founder of Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- initiated the Freedom Rides on 1961.
Sit-in Movement
Protest lunch counters…
- Non-violent
- direct action
- the segregation of lunch counters throughout the South.
Freedom Rides (1961)
enforce the desegregation of buses and terminals…
- Launched by CORE in 1961,
- major non-violent civil rights campaign
- integrated groups traveled by bus into the Deep South
- tested compliance with court orders banning segregation on interstate buses and trains and in terminal facilities.
- Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the desegregation of buses and terminals.
Nation of Islam
Religion which anticipated Allah to banish…
- A religion
- founded in the United States
- black nationalist thought in the 1960s.
- Black Muslims
- anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white “devils” and give the black nation justice.
Albany Movement
unsuccessful attempt at desegregation…
- Was an unsuccessful attempt at desegregation in the city of Albany, Georgia.
- Authorities limited the use of force against the movement to divert national attention.
Malcolm X
Advocated for black empowerment and black separatism…
- Civil and human rights activist.
- powerful orator for the Nation of Islam.
- Advocated for black empowerment and black separatism
- Left the Nation of Islam in 1964.
- He came to believe that separatism was unnecessary
- Assassinated in February 1965 by the NoI.
Lauri Pritchett
Successfully suppressed nonviolent demonstrations…
- Chief of Police of Albany, Georgia
- Successfully suppressed nonviolent demonstrations
- studyed MLK’s tactics and strategy. - VIolene tactics = negative attemtion
- Charged protesters with disturbing the peace rather than for violating segregation laws.
*Malcolm X
“The Ballot or the Bullet”
take up arms if government doesnt take them seriously…
- Speech given by Malcolm X in 1964
- encouraged African-Americans to use the right to vote but to be wary of the government.
- warned that African-Americans may have to take up arms if government doesnt take them seriously.
James Meredith
Civil rights advocate and first African-American student to desegregate the University of Mississippi. The ensuing riot caused by segregationists forced the hand of the federal government to intervene with federal troops.
Fannie Lou Hamer
Civil rights organizer who helped organize Mississippi Freedom Summer and led the Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party (MDFP), a splinter party founded to challenge the Mississippi Democratic Party which only accepted whites.
Birmingham Campaign (1963)
Organized in 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and led by Martin Luther King Jr., this was a major non-violent civil rights campaign that culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities. When King had thousands of black schoolchildren march through town, chief of police Eugene “Bull” Connor unleashed his forces against them. The images, broadcast nationally and internationally on TV, of children being assaulted with nightsticks, high-pressure fire hoses, and attack dogs produced a wave of revulsion throughout the world and led to President Kennedy’s endorsement of the movement’s goals as well as the municipal government’s overturning of the city’s discrimination laws.
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
An open letter written by MLK after his arrest in Birmingham. In it, he defends non-violent direct action as just and moral and identifies the white moderate and their objections to the “extreme” actions of the civil rights movement as its biggest hurdle. Written in response to “A Call for Unity”, a letter written by local white clergymen criticizing the actions of the tactics civil rights movement and “outsiders”.
