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Dental Neuroscience > hypothalamus > Flashcards

hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

the hypothalamus is involved in

A

functions that require the integration of somatic, autonomic, and endocrine mechanisms with motivated behavior expression
- feeding
- fight
- flight
- reproduction

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2
Q

the hypothalamus is anatomically linked to (projects and receives)

A
  • reticular formation
  • limbic system - emotion, memory
  • pituitary gland - master gland of endocrine system
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3
Q

anatomical boundaries of hypothalamus

A

caudal: mammillary body
dorsal: hypothalamic sulcus
rostral: lamina terminalis
inferior: optic chiasm, pituitary stalk
lateral: internal capsule

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4
Q

divisions of the hypothalamus

A
  1. supraoptic/anterior - above optic chiasm
  2. tuberal/middle - above stalk of pituitary
  3. mammillary/posterior - above mammillary bodies
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5
Q

hypothalamic efferents

A
  • medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
  • dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)
  • hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
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6
Q

medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

A
  • not a typical tract
  • has variety of cells, fibers, etc.
  • go to hypothalamus
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7
Q

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)

A
  • goes from hypothalamus to dorsal nucleus of vagus
  • controls parasympathetic part of NS
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8
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A
  • unique neurons
  • synthesize proteins/hormones that are released into blood vessels
  • 2 nuclei (supraoptic and paraventricular)
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9
Q

tubero-infundibular tract

A
  • from hypothalamus
  • neurosecretory cells secrete hormones
  • released into blood vessels
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10
Q

afferents to hypothalamus

A
  • reticular formation via MFB
  • limbic pathways (fornix and amygdalar pathways)
  • monoaminergic pathways
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11
Q

functions of anterior hypothalamus

A
  • thermoregulation
  • water balance
  • circadian rhythms
  • maternal behavior
  • sleep
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12
Q

thermoregulation by hypothalamus

A
  • somatic NS (shivering)
  • autonomic NS (sweating, vasomotion)
  • behavior
  • thermoreceptor neurons
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13
Q

mechanism of fever

A
  • body temp increases
  • set-point is raised to a higher temperature
  • we shiver because the muscles shiver to increase heat of the body
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14
Q

infection

A
  • macrophage consumes bacteria
  • release interleukins (1 and 6) to hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus uses phospholipids to create arachidonic acid
  • arachidonic acid forms prostaglandin by COX (inflammation)
  • aspirin and NSAIDs inhibit COX (inhibits inflammatory and pain)
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15
Q

water balance

A

in high heat you lose water so the responses:
- endocrine (ADH)
- behavior (water drinking)

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16
Q

circadian rhythms

A
  • generated by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
  • SCN receives collaterals from optic tract (retino-hypothalamic fibers)
  • lesions of SCN disrupt 24-hour temperature, sleep, and endocrine cycles
17
Q

where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  • above the optic chiasm
18
Q

functions of tuberal hypothalamus

A
  • control plasm hormone levels
  • feeding behavior
  • sexual behavior
  • aggressive behavior
19
Q

feeding behavior

A

concept of feeding center (LH) and satiety center (VMH)
- lesions of LH induce anorexia
- lesions of VMH (ventromedial nucelus of hypothalamus) induce obesity

20
Q

important nuclei of feeding behavior

A
  • arcuate nucleus
  • paraventricular nucleus
21
Q

sensing metabolic state (hormones?)

A
  • ghrelin-appetite promoting (GI tract)
  • insulin (pancreas)
  • leptin (adipose tissue)
22
Q

feeding behavior is controlled by

A
  • behavior
  • autonomic NS (salivary secretion, gastric secretion)
  • metabolic need
23
Q

aggressive behavior includes

A
  • attack behavior
  • defense behavior
  • flight behavior
24
Q

attack behavior is evoked by

A

stimulation of lateral hypothalamus

25
Q

defense behavior is evoked by

A

stimulation of ventral medial hypothalamus

26
Q

flight behavior is evoked by

A

stimulation of dorsal hypothalamus

27
Q

sexual behavior

A
  • VMN has estrogen receptors
  • VMN important in female sexual behavior
  • sexually dimorphic nucleus in POA (pre-optic area)
28
Q

signs and symptoms of a hypothalamic lesion:

A
  • anterior pituitary dysfunction
  • posterior pituitary dysfunction
  • hypothalamic dysfunction
  • visual symptoms
29
Q

anterior pituitary dysfunction

A
  • gonad dysfunction
  • thyroid
  • cortisol
  • growth hormone
30
Q

posterior pituitary dysfunction

A
  • diabetes insipidus
31
Q

hypothalamic dysfunction

A
  • polyphagia or starvation
  • impaired temperature regulation
  • impaired autonomic function
32
Q

horner’s syndrome

A
  • miosis: reduced diameter of pupil
  • ptosis: drooping of eye
  • anhydrosis: lack of sweat

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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