basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

function of basal ganglia

A
  • motor functions
  • non-motor functions
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2
Q

motor functions of basal ganglia

A
  • action selection
  • inhibition of competing movements
  • enabling motor programs
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3
Q

non-motor functions of basal ganglia

A
  • cognition and emotion
  • reward and addiction
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4
Q

basal ganglia pathology

A
  • movement disorders (hypokinetic and hyperkinetic)
  • cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms
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5
Q

inputs to motor cortex (area 4)

A

basal ganglia work through motor cortex
- thalamic nuclei (VA and VL)
- premotor cortex (area 6)

then descend!

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6
Q

basal ganglia pathway

A
  • motor cortex signals down pyramidal tract to alpha motor neuron
  • association, sensory, and motor cortex signal to basal ganglia
  • basal ganglia to VA and VL
  • VA and VL to motor cortex
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7
Q

parts of basal ganglia

A
  • caudate and putamen (basically 1 nucleus)
  • globus pallidus
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8
Q

the internal globus pallidus

A
  • send inhibitory signals the thalamus
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9
Q

the caudate and putamen function to

A

inhibit the globus pallidus

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10
Q

the caudate and putamen together can be called

A

neostriatum

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11
Q

brain section

A
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12
Q

brain section zoomed in to see caudate and globus pallidus

A
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13
Q

associated nuclei (in midbrain)

A
  • substantia nigra
  • subthalamic nucleus
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14
Q

substantia nigra

A
  • reciprocally connected to caudate and putamen
  • dopaminergic projection to striatum
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15
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A
  • reciprocally connected to globus pallidus
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16
Q

Pathology of basal ganglia

A
  • Parkinson’s
  • Chorea and Athetosis
  • Ballismus
  • Dystonia
17
Q

Parkinson’s disease is caused by

A

loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra; degeneration of the SN

18
Q

Parkinson’s Disease symptoms

A
  • tremor at rest (“pill rolling tremor”)
  • rigidity
  • bradykinesia (slow mvmt)
  • motor blocks (“freezing”)
  • loss of postural reflexes (tend to fall, shuffling feet)
  • cognitive defects are common
19
Q

definition of rigidity

A
  • excess tone in all directions. Not just against gravity.
  • Called lead pipe rigidity
20
Q

spasticity occurs in

A

antigravity muscles that show excess tone

21
Q

the neurons in substantia nigra are

A

dopaminergic

22
Q

Pathways of dopamine formation

A
23
Q

treatments for Parkinson’s

A
  • L-dopa given to patient
  • DOPA is a precursor to dopamine so this can help increase dopamine production
24
Q

Huntington’s Chorea cause and symptoms

A

cause:
- degeneration in caudate nucleus
symptoms:
- excess movements
- autosomal dominant (genetic)

25
Q

Ballismus cause and symptoms

A

cause: damage to subthalamic nucleus
symptoms: ballistic movements

26
Q

athetosis symptoms

A
  • excess movements
  • writhing (twisting) movements
27
Q

other basal ganglia disorders

A
  • dystonia
  • tics
  • tourette syndrome
28
Q

role of basal ganglia in motor function

A
  • normally suppresses inappropriate motor program
  • activation of direct pathway temporarily releases one motor program from inhibition
  • also involved in learning of motor programs
29
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A
  • dopaminergic projections to prefrontal cortex and limbic cortex (selection of emotional, executive, and cognitive programs)
  • dopaminergic projections to nucleus accumbens (reward and addiction)