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Dental Neuroscience > cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

the cranial nerve nuclei

A
  • each nucleus has a single function
  • location of nucleus in brain stem follows organization of neural tube
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2
Q

somatic efferent column includes what 4 nuclei?

A
  1. hyoglossal nucleus
  2. abducens nucleus
  3. trochlear nucleus
  4. oculomotor nuclei
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3
Q

somatic efferent column nuclei order of ascending the brain stem

A

caudal > rostral
hypoglossal > abducens > trochlear > oculomotor

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4
Q

hypoglossal nucleus function

A
  • controls intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
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5
Q

where do the hypoglossal nucleus axons exit?

A

between the pyramid and inferior olive and join in to make CN XII (12)

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6
Q

signs and symptoms of hypoglossal nerve lesion

A
  • paralysis of ipsilateral half of the tongue
  • on protrusion, tongue deviates to side of lesion (unopposed action of genioglossus muscle)
  • atrophy and fasciculations
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7
Q

hypoglossal nucleus location and shape

A
  • in the medulla
  • spherical/dome shaped
  • alpha motor neurons innervating the tongue
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8
Q

abducens nucleus location and shape

A
  • in caudal pons
  • spherical
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9
Q

what does the abducens nucleus control?

A
  • lateral rectus muscle
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10
Q

where does the abducens nucleus axons exit?

A

attached at junction of pons and medulla and in CN VI (6)

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11
Q

signs and symptoms of lesion on CN VI (abducens nucleus)

A
  • medial strabismus
  • diplopia
  • inability to abduct eye
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12
Q

trochlear nucleus location

A

caudal midbrain

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13
Q

what does the trochlear nucleus control?

A
  • superior oblique muscles
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14
Q

where do the trochlear nucleus axons exit?

A
  • CN IV (4)
  • CN IV leaves on dorsal side of brain stem and decussates
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15
Q

signs and symptoms of lesion on CN IV (trochlear)

A
  • limitation of downward gaze when looking medially
  • postural adjustments
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16
Q

oculomotor nuclei location

A

rostral midbrain

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17
Q

what does the oculomotor complex contain? what do they control?

A
  • subnuclei that control medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles
  • subnucleus that controls levator palpebrae superior
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18
Q

where do the oculomotor complex axons exit?

A

from interpeduncular fossa into CN III (3)

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19
Q

signs and symptoms of a lesion on CN III (oculomotor complex)

A
  • eye is down and out
  • ptosis (drooping of eyelid)
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20
Q

general visceral efferent column includes…

A
  1. dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
  2. salivatory nuclei (inferior and superior)
  3. Edinger-westphal nucleus
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21
Q

location of dorsal motor nucleus of X

A

in medulla, ventral to 4th ventricle

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22
Q

what is the dorsal motor nucleus of X and what does it do?

A
  • preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
  • supply heart, lungs, stomach, and intestine
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23
Q

where do the dorsal motor nucleus of X axons exit and synapse?

A

exit: CN X
synapse: in parasympathetic ganglia of organs innervated

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24
Q

inferior salivatory nucleus location

A

dorsal pons

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25
Q

what is the inferior salivatory nucleus and what does it do?

A
  • preganglionic parasympathetic (visceral) fibers
  • supplies parotid gland
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26
Q

where do the inferior salivatory nucleus axons exit and synapse?

A

exit: CN IX
synapse: otic ganglion

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27
Q

superior salivatory nucleus location

A

rostral medulla, cannot be easily identified

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28
Q

what is the superior salivatory nucleus and what does it do?

A
  • preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
  • supply sublingual, submandibular, and lacrimal glands
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29
Q

where do the superior salivatory nucleus axons exit and synapse?

A

exit: CN VII (7)
synapse: sphenopalatine and submandibular ganglia

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30
Q

Edinger-westphal nucleus location

A

in the heart of oculomotor complex, this is the only portion that is visceral efferent

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31
Q

what is the Edinger-westphal nucleus and what does it do?

A
  • preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
  • supply ciliary muscle and iris constrictor
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32
Q

where do the Edinger-westphal nucleus axons exit and synapse?

A

exit: CN III
synapse: ciliary ganglion

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33
Q

what does the visceral afferent column include?

A
  1. nucleus solitarius
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34
Q

nucleus solitarius location

A

in medulla

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35
Q

where do axons enter from in nucleus solitarius?

A
  • enter from CN VII, IX, X
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36
Q

what does the nucleus solitarius do/have?

A
  • special visceral afferents (taste)
  • general visceral afferents (carotid sinus, carotid body, gut)
  • nucleus and tract
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37
Q

general somatic afferent column includes…

A
  1. descending nucleus of V (pain and temperature)
  2. principal nucleus of V (fine touch)
  3. mesencephalic nucleus of V (proprioceptive afferents)
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38
Q

the descending nucleus of V receives projections from …?

A

CN: V, VII, IX, and X
- these nerves send pain info

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39
Q

descending nucleus of V characteristics..?

A
  • pain and temperature sensation from head and face
  • has tract and nucleus
  • analog of zone of lissauer and substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord
  • projects to ventral posterior medial (VPM) of thalamus
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40
Q

Principal (chief) nucleus of V receives projections from

A

CN
- V
- VII
- IX
- X

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41
Q

Principal (chief) nucleus of V characteristics?

A
  • touch, pressure, and vibration sensation from head and face
  • analog of dorsal column nuclei
  • projects to VPM of thalamus
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42
Q

mesencephalic nucleus of V has axons in…

A

CN V

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43
Q

mesencephalic nucleus of V characteristics?

A
  • has cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar neurons form this nucleus
  • spindle and joint afferents related to mastication
  • projects to cerebellum (superior peduncle)
  • includes tract and nucleus
  • analog to spinocerebellar pathways
  • adjusts force and direction of movement as well as timing of the mouth and chewing
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44
Q

special visceral efferent column include

A
  1. nucleus ambiguus
  2. facial nucleus
  3. motor nucleus of V
  4. accessory nuclei
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45
Q

nucleus ambiguus axons exit..

A

in CN X and IX

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46
Q

nucleus ambiguus innervate muscles of the…

A

pharynx and larynx

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47
Q

what is the nucleus ambiguus responsible for?

A
  • swallowing
  • phonation
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48
Q

location of nucleus ambiguus?

A

somewhere between inferior cerebellar peduncle and the inferior olive

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49
Q

signs and symptoms of lesion on CN IX

A
  • ipsilateral pareisis (weak voluntary mvmt) of pharynx
  • gag reflex can not be elicited
50
Q

signs and symptoms of lesion on CN X

A
  • ipsilateral pareisis of soft palate and difficulty swallowing
  • hoarseness
51
Q

facial nucleus axons exit…

A

CN VII

52
Q

facial nucleus innervates…

A

muscles of facial expression (frontalis, orbicularis, oculi, orbicularis oris)

53
Q

motor nucleus of V axons exit

A

CN V (mandibular division)

54
Q

motor nucleus of V innervates…

A

muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, external and internal pterygoid)
- receives crossed and uncrossed corticobulbar fibers

55
Q

accessory nuclei have cell bodies located:

A

in ventral horns C2-C5

56
Q

accessory nuclei exit

A

in CN XI

57
Q

accessory nuclei innervate…

A

trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

58
Q

each nerve has ___________ function(s) and each nucleus has ___________ function(s)

A

multiple, one

59
Q

in the neural tube, the…
____________ plate contains ________ nuclei and the ___________ plate contains _______ nuclei

A

alar, sensory
basal, motor
- correspond with dorsal ventral

60
Q

as you ascend the spinal cord to the brain, the neural tube gets divided.
the alar/dorsal is split into __________ and _________ sensory.
the basal/ventral is split into ____________ and ___________ motor
(put in order from dorsal to ventral)

A

somatic, visceraI
visceral, somatic

61
Q

in the brain, visceral is part of the ____________ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

62
Q

visceral motor has…

A

parasympathetic nuclei

62
Q

visceral means

A

autonomic

63
Q

so therefore… visceral sensory and visceral motor are…

A

parasymphathetic autonomic sensation and movement (unconscious)

64
Q

4 columns of nuclei include:

A
  1. somatic afferent
  2. visceral afferent
  3. visceral efferent
  4. somatic afferent
65
Q

cranial nerves that are devoted to special sensory input?

A

CN I, II, and VIII

66
Q

cranial nerves that are devoted to eye movement and pupillary constriction?

A

CN III, IV, and VI

67
Q

cranial nerves that are devoted to pure motor? what muscles do they control?

A

CN XI and XII
XI = sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
XII = muscles of tongue

68
Q

cranial nerves that are mixed?

A

CN V,VII, IX, and X

69
Q

cranial nerves that are parasympathetic fibers?

A

CN III, VII, IX, and X

70
Q

what are special visceral efferent column derived from?

A

gill arches (evolution of the head)

71
Q

why are pharyngeal arches important?

A

cranial nerves develop from there during development

72
Q

facial nucleus is located in

A

the pons

73
Q

motor nucleus of V location

A

ventral to the principal (chief) nucleus of V (between 4th ventricle and inferior olive)

74
Q

location of principal (chief) nucleus of V

A

dorsal to motor nucleus of V (between 4th ventricle and inferior olive)

75
Q

cranial nerve XII is also known as

A

the hypoglossal nerve

76
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is formed by and exits?

A

numerous fascicles that exit the medulla between the pyramid and the olive

77
Q

cranial nerve XI is also known as

A

the accessory nerve

78
Q

accessory nerve (CN XI) pathway

A
  • origin: 5 upper cervical segments of the spinal cord
  • ascends: into the skull through the foramen magnum
  • exits: brainstem (medulla) lateral to inferior olive
79
Q

cranial nerve X is also known as

A

the vagus nerve

80
Q

the vagus nerve (CN X) originates:

A
  • as numerous fascicles
  • fascicles are attached lateral to the inferior olive
81
Q

what does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

internal structures including:
- heart
- lungs
- stomach
- small intestine

also provides parasympathetic innervation to the visceral organs

82
Q

cranial nerve IX is also known as

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve

83
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) originates:

A
  • as fascicles emerging lateral to the inferior olive (medulla) to the pharynx
  • superior to CN X
84
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve controls

A
  • motor and sensory innervation to the pharynx and larynx
  • autonomic and visceral sensory innervation to the cardiovascular and respiratory structures
  • parasympathetic to the parotid glands
  • afferent taste information from post. 1/3 of tongue
85
Q

cranial nerve VIII is also known as

A

the vestibulocochlear nerve

86
Q

the vestibulocochlear nerve location

A

attaches to brainstem at cerebellopontine angle rostral to CN IX

87
Q

what are the 2 parts of vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

A
  1. acoustic division
  2. vestibular division
88
Q

the acoustic divistion of CN VIII

A
  • carries auditory sensation from the ear
89
Q

the vestibular division of CN VIII

A

carries equilibrium sensations from the labyrinth of the inner ear

90
Q

cranial nerve VII is also known as

A

the facial nerve

91
Q

facial nerve location

A

adjacent to CN VIII at the junction of the pons and medulla

92
Q

2 roots of the facial nerve (CN VII)

A
  • larger = motor
  • smaller = sensory and motor
93
Q

the facial nerve (CN VII) is parasympathetic to:

A
  • lacrimal glands
  • salivary glands
94
Q

the facial nerve (CN VII) is sensory to:

A

the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

95
Q

the facial nerve (CN VII) is motor to:

A

muscles of facial expression

96
Q

cranial nerve XI relates to:

A

gustatory (taste) information

97
Q

cranial nerve V is also known as

A

the trigeminal nerve

98
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve emerge?

A

on the ventrolateral surface of the pons

99
Q

the trigeminal nerve (CN V) has 3 branches:

A
  1. opthalamic (V1)
  2. maxillary (V2)
  3. mandibular (V3)
100
Q

the trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve and carries what signals to where?

A
  • sensory info from the structures of the head and neck
  • motor signals to the muscles of mastication
101
Q

opthalamic (V1) branch and the maxillary branch (V2) carry ___________ information

A

sensory

102
Q

the mandibular (V3) branch carries ____________ & ___________ information

A

sensory and motor

103
Q

cranial nerve VI is also known as

A

the abducens nerve

104
Q

the abducens nerve is located:

A

attached at the junction of the pons and medulla medially

105
Q

the abducens nerve innervates:

A

lateral rectus muscle

106
Q

cranial nerve IV is also known as

A

the trochlear nerve

107
Q

the trochlear nerve location:

A
  • exits from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem
108
Q

what is unique to the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

A
  • it is the only CN where all of its axons decussate
  • has the longest intracranial course
109
Q

the trochlear nerve innervates:

A

the superior oblique muscle

110
Q

cranial nerve III is also known as

A

the oculomotor nerve

111
Q

the oculomotor nerve location:

A

emerges from the interpeduncular fossa

112
Q

what is unique about oculomotor nerve (CN III)?

A

it has 2 nuclei

113
Q

the oculomotor nerve (CN III) controls:

A
  • motor innervation of 4 of the 6 extraocular muscles that control eye movement
  • motor innervation to levator palpebrae superiosis
  • parasympathetic to the ciliary and pupillary constrictor muscles
114
Q

cranial nerve II is also known as

A

the optic nerve

115
Q

the optic nerve carries

A
  • sensual information
  • visual sensation
116
Q

what is unique about the optic nerve?

A
  • the nerves from both eyes undergo partial decussation in the optic chiasm
  • fibers representing the nasal half of the retina in each eye cross to the contralateral side
117
Q

cranial nerve I is also known as

A

the olfactory nerve

118
Q

the olfactory nerve (CN I) is responsible for

A

sense of smell

119
Q

location of olfactory nerve

A
  • originates at the olfactory epithelium of the nose
  • then pierce the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • synapse to the olfactory bulb
120
Q

what is the olfactory bulb?

A

the elongated olfactory tract to comprise CN I

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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