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Dental Neuroscience > cerebral cortex > Flashcards

cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

areas of cortex

A
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2
Q

cerebral cortex has:

A
  • primary areas
  • unimodal association areas
  • heteromodal association areas (modalities combine: involve attention, memory, planning)
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3
Q

primary areas include

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • primary sensory cortices (somatosensory, visual, auditory)
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4
Q

unimodal association areas include

A
  • premotor cortex
  • secondary sensory areas
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5
Q

heteromodal association areas include

A
  • parietal-occipital-temporal areas
  • prefrontal areas
  • inferior temporal areas
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6
Q

apraxia

A

loss of the ability to carry out a certain motor action despite the absence of paralysis or weakness
- basically do opposite of what you want to do
- can’t plan out the motion

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7
Q

agnosia

A

the loss of the ability to recognize things despite normal sensation

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8
Q

lesion of motor cortex causes

A

contralateral spastic paralysis

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9
Q

location of premotor and supplementary motor areas

A
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10
Q

lesion of supplementary motor area causes

A

apraxia

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11
Q

how to test for a lesion of the supplementary motor area

A
  • use a key
  • wave goodbye
  • salute the flag
  • blow a kiss
  • hammer a nail
  • brushing teeth
  • opening a bottle of soda
  • pouring water into a glass and drinking it
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12
Q

location of somatosensory cortex

A

in parietal lobe

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13
Q

lesion of somatosensory cortex causes

A

trouble recognizing touch, sound, taste, etc.

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14
Q

lesion of parietal lobe causes

A
  • tactile agnosia
  • finger agnosia
  • tactile apraxia
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15
Q

tactile agnosia

A
  • close eyes, object in hand
  • cannot tell you what it is
  • no recognition of 3D object
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16
Q

finger agnosia

A
  • closed eyes, move fingers
  • can’t tell you which finger is moving
  • can’t move a finger specifically on command
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17
Q

tactile apraxia

A
  • blindfolded , something in hand
  • cannot tactilely explore an object
18
Q

lesion of primary visual cortex causes

A

field blindness

19
Q

if one lateral geniculate or one occipital cortex is affected you get:

A

field blindness

20
Q

lesions of visual association area causes

A
  • dorsal: loss of seeing movement (ex: can pour water but cannot see water moving into cup)
  • ventral: loss of color perception (only blakc and white)
  • cannot recognize faces
21
Q

lesion of area 19 on cortex causes

A

achromatopsia (lack of color vision)

22
Q

lesion of inferior temporal association cortex causes

A

prosopagnosia (cannot recognize faces)

23
Q

lesion of broca’s area causes

A
  • expressive aphasia (deficit of language and not understanding words - not speech)
  • cannot express words
  • even people using sign language cannot communicate effectively
24
Q

lesion of wernicke’s area cause

A
  • receptive aphasia
  • speak all the time but speak nonsense and gibberish (trouble with speech not understanding)
25
Q

speech circuit

A

sees word > primary visual cortex > angular gyrus > Wernicke’s area > white matter > Broca’s area > motor cortex> articulation of the word that was read

26
Q

receptive aphasia

A
  • speech is fluent but nonsensical
  • use of wrong words and jargon
  • failure of comprehension
  • defective repetition
  • logorrhea
27
Q

lesion of angular gyrus causes

A

unable to read

28
Q

dominant hemisphere

A
  • right hand = left hemisphere dominant
  • left hand = right hemisphere dominant
  • 50% of left handed people are also left hemisphere dominant
29
Q

left hemisphere contains

A

language

30
Q

whichever hemisphere contains speech is considered

A

dominant

31
Q

function of non-dominant hemisphere

A
  • gesture, emphasis and emotional aspects of speech
  • spatial relationships
  • musical ability
  • lesion: contralateral neglect`
32
Q

neglect syndrome

A
  • show patient image and ask to reproduce
  • neglect left side of image and only draws right
  • thus lesion of non-dominant hemisphere
33
Q

lesion of prefrontal cortex impairs

A
  • planning
  • decision making
  • cognitive control
34
Q

Phineas Gage

A

prefrontal cortex lesion

35
Q

prefrontal cortex lesions cause:

A

impaired:
- planning
- decision making
- cognitive control

36
Q

Case 1:

A
  • before: salesman sn sold stuff in stores
  • after: personality change
37
Q

Case 2:

A
  • before: military man
  • after:
38
Q

impairments associated with prefrontal cortex:

A
  • impaired attention
  • poor working memory
  • executive functions (planning) poor
  • poor fine movement
  • self control impaired
  • abstract thinking impaired
  • blunted or inappropriate affect
  • little concern about sphincter control
39
Q

how can you stop the spread of epileptic seizures to the other hemisphere?

A

cut the corpus callosum

40
Q

what does it mean to have split brain?

A
  • separation of hemispheres by split of corpus callosum
41
Q

what happens with people who have a split brain?

A
  • typically: image shown on left goes to right side cortex and passes to the left hemisphere through corpus callosum
  • split brain: image shown on left then goes to right side cortex but does not go to left side because of the loss of connection
  • they cannot vocalize what it is, but can ID the object
42
Q

With a split brain,

A

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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