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Dental Neuroscience > forebrain > Flashcards

forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

recall embryology
prosencephalon makes:

A
  1. telencephalon
  2. diencephalon
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2
Q

recall embryology
telencephalon and diencephalon makes:

A

telencephalon:
- cerebral hemispheres
- basal ganglia
diencephalon:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

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3
Q

what is the thalamus and what does it do?

A
  • egg-shaped structure
  • relay center for motor and sensory information from body to brain
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4
Q

internal medullary lamina includes:

A

2 nuclei
- anterior nuclei
- medial dorsal nuclei

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5
Q

the anterior nuclei connect with:

A

the cingulate gyrus (above corpus callosum)

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6
Q

the medial dorsal nuclei connect with:

A

prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe)
- general patters of behavior

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7
Q

from the lateral view of the thalamus, what is now seen?

A
  • the dorsal tier
  • the ventral tier

*these divisions aren’t clear cut and need histological imaging

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8
Q

the ventral tier is made up of?

A
  • ventral anterior nuclei
  • ventral lateral nuclei
  • ventral posterior lateral nuclei
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9
Q

the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei:

A
  • go to motor cortex
  • involve the motor system
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10
Q

the ventral posterior lateral nuclei:

A
  • receive info from medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tract
    (somatosensory info)
  • sends information to post central gyrus cortex
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11
Q

the dorsal tier includes:

A
  • lateral dorsal nuclei
  • lateral posterior nuclei
  • pulvinar nuclei
  • medial geniculate
  • lateral geniculate
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12
Q

the lateral dorsal nuclei and the lateral posterior nuclei:

A
  • interconnect with the parietal lobe of the cortex
  • deal with high functioning things
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13
Q

the pulvinar nuclei:

A

have indirect connectivity with the visual system and visual circuit

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14
Q

the medial geniculate:

A

is involved with auditory pathways
- go to the gyri of Heschl

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15
Q

the lateral geniculate:

A

is involved with the optic tract
- visual (occipital cortex)

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16
Q

the ventral posterior medial (VPM)

A
  • deep inside the thalamus
  • analogous to the VPL
  • receives trigeminal pathways from the face
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17
Q

classifications of thalamic nuclei

A
  1. specific (relay) nuclei
  2. association nuclei
  3. non-specific nuclei
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18
Q

specific relay nuclei include:

A
  • lateral geniculate
  • medial geniculate
  • ventral posterior lateral
  • ventral posterior medial
  • ventral anterior
  • ventral lateral
  • anterior
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19
Q

association nuclei include:

A
  • medial dorsal
  • lateral posterior
  • lateral dorsal
  • pulvinar
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20
Q

non-specific nuclei include:

A
  • intralaminar nuclei
  • reticular nucleus
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21
Q

lateral geniculate receives info from and sends info to:

A

from: the optic tract
to: the visual cortex (occipital)

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22
Q

the medial geniculate receives info from and sends info to:

A

from: auditory pathways
to: Heschl’s gyrus

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23
Q

the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) receives info from and sends info to:

A

from: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic
to: postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe

24
Q

the ventral posterior medial (VPM) receives info from and sends info to:

A

from: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic and face
to: postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe

25
Q

the ventral anterior and ventral lateral receive info from and send info to:

A

from: cerebellum and basal ganglia
to: motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

26
Q

anterior nucleus receives info from and sends info to:

A

from: hippocampus
to: cingulate gyrus

27
Q

what do specific (relay) nuclei do?

A

they receive info and relay the information to a specific area

28
Q

what do association nuclei do?

A

they receive, process, and send information back to the same place in the cortex

29
Q

the medial dorsal nuclei receives and sends info to:

A

the frontal and prefrontal cortex

30
Q

the lateral dorsal and lateral posterior receives and sends info to:

A

the parietal lobe

31
Q

the pulvinar nuclei receives and sends info to:

A

the occipital lobe

32
Q

what do non-specific nuclei do?

A

they are involved in general behavior

33
Q

the hypothalamus:
- is what?
- does what?
- composed of?

A

the part of the brain that produces hormones that control body temp, hunger, heart rate, mood
- is more reticular with a loose network

34
Q

what is corpus striatum?

A

basal ganglia

35
Q

major nuclei of basal ganglia?

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
36
Q

where do the hippocampus and fornix form?

A

in telencephalon

37
Q

where is the hippocampus located?

A

in the temporal lobe

38
Q

what is the fornix?

A

the long c-shaped pathway of the hippocampus
- comes out of hippocampus and ends in mammillary bodies

39
Q

what is the hippocampus?

A
  • part of lymbic system
  • structure that plays a role in memory and learning
40
Q

what are the c-shaped structures?

A
  • cortex
  • lateral ventricle
  • choroid plexus
  • caudate nucleus
  • fornix
41
Q

what are the lateral ventricles?

A

structures that project into frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes and communicate with 3rd ventricle via the foramen of monroe

42
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A

a network of capillaries that produce CSF

43
Q

what is the caudate nucleus?

A

a structure near the thalamus that travels inside the C-shaped ventricle
- movement, learning, memory, reward, motivation, emotion, and romantic interaction

44
Q

what is the neocortex?

A

“the new cortex” that is part of the cerebral cortex where higher cognitive functioning is thought to originate from

45
Q

what are the main cells of the neocortex?

A

the pyramidal cell

46
Q

what are Brodmann’s areas?

A
  • Brodmann = scientist who histological identified different areas of the brain
  • the areas refer to the microscopic differences he notices
  • up to 53 areas!!
47
Q

areas we need to know: (numbers)

A

1
2
3
4
17

48
Q

area 1, 2, and 3 refer to:

A

postcentral gyrus

49
Q

area 4 refers to:

A

precentral gyrus

50
Q

area 17 refers to:

A

visual cortex

51
Q

what is a commissure?

A

something that connects one side of the brain to another

52
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A
  • a large commissure that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
53
Q

what are corticofugal fibers?

A

axons that come out of gyrus

54
Q

classification of corticofugal fibers

A
  1. long projections fibers
  2. commissural fibers
  3. short association fibers
55
Q

what are long projection fibers?

A

fibers (axons) that leave the cortex and brain

56
Q

what are commissural fibers?

A

fibers (axons) that do not leave the brain
instead they got from one hemisphere to another (lots of them)

57
Q

what are short association fibers?

A

fibers (axons) that travel from one gyrus to another

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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