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Dental Neuroscience > brain stem > Flashcards

brain stem Flashcards

1
Q

components of brain stem

A
  • long tracts
  • cranial nerve nuclei: deal with motor and sensory functions of the head and neck
  • cerebellar circuits: related to cerebellum
  • reticular formation
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2
Q

long tracts include

A
  • dorsal columns
  • spinothalamic
  • corticospinal
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3
Q

brain stem sections

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrain
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4
Q

medulla includes…

A
  1. decussation of pyramids
  2. closed medulla (D.C. nucleus, medial lemniscus)
  3. open medulla (inf. olive, cerebellar peduncle)
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5
Q

pons includes…

A
  • caudal portion (cerebellum, basis pontis, middle cerebellar peduncle)
  • rostral portion (superior cerebellar peduncle)
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6
Q

midbrain includes…

A
  • caudal portion (decussation of s.c.p., inf. colliculi)
  • rostral portion (red nucleus, cerebral peduncle, sup. colliculi)
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7
Q

descending tracts

A
  • lateral CST
  • ventral CST
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8
Q

ascending tracts

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • dorsal spinocerebellar tract
  • ventral spinocerebellar tract
  • fasciculus gracilis
  • fasciculus cuneatus
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9
Q

the pyramidal decussation location

A
  • the lowest part of the medulla
  • marks the boundary between the brain stem and the spinal cord
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10
Q

where is the reticular formation?

A
  • part of brain stem’s central core
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11
Q

the brain stem gives rise to what?

A
  • cranial nerves 3 and 12
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12
Q

cross section of closed medulla @ decussation (most caudal, 1st cross section that looks different from spinal cord)

A
  • you can see the decussation of the pyramids
  • the corticospinal tract crosses at this level
  • the fibers cross over and slice through the gray matter
  • the crossing is responsible for voluntary movement (corticospinal/pyramidal tract)
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13
Q

what is a distinction between the spinal cord and the closed medulla cross-section? why does this change occur? (1st cross-section above spinal cord)

A
  • the substantia gelatinosa becomes the spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus
  • this change occurs because the zone of lissauer receives dorsal roots from spinal segments which are no longer received once you enter the brain.
  • in the brain, that area receives cranial nerves thus the name changes because it is now receiving from the trigeminal nerve
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14
Q

zone of lissuaer and substantia gelatinosa receive what kind of messages in the spinal cord?

A

messages of pain and temperature sensation

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15
Q

trigeminal tract and nucleus (AKA descending tract of V)

A
  • the tract and synapsing nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (= CN V)
  • is an ascending pathway but actually travels in descent toward the brain stem
  • the fibers turn downward through the medulla and the pons
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16
Q

afferent fibers in spinal cord and brain stem

A

spinal cord = dorsal roots
brain stem = trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

cell body in spinal cord and brain stem

A

spinal cord = DRG
brain stem = trigeminal ganglion

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18
Q

terminals in spinal cord and brain stem

A

spinal cord = zone of lissauer
brain stem = tract of (spinal) descending V

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19
Q

synapse in spinal cord and brain stem

A

spinal cord = substantia gelatinosa
brain stem = nucleus of (spinal) descending V

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20
Q

what signaling does cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) carry?

A

pain and temperature SENSATION from face and head

21
Q

how does the descending V tract and nucleus relate to zone of lissauer and substantia gelatinosa?

A

same thing, just get signals form head and neck instead of spinal nerves

22
Q

the trigeminal descending pathway

A
  1. pseudounipolar sensory fibers
  2. enter the pons
  3. fibers descend through the medulla
  4. synapse at the nucleus of the descending V
  5. pass the midline
  6. turn back up to the thalamus and cortex
23
Q

As you ascend in the medulla, what are the differences of what you can see? (2nd cross-section above spinal cord)

A
  • pyramids are above decussation on the ventral surface
  • the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus start to turn into nuclei (grey matter)
24
Q

where does the dorsal column (white matter) turn into nuclei (grey matter)

A

at the pyramids of the closed medulla above the decussation

25
Q

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are part of

A

the spinal cord
- dorsal column pathways
- terminate in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus respectively

26
Q

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus:

A
  • contain second order neuron of dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
  • give rise to internal arcuate fibers
  • project via the medial lemniscus of the thalamus
27
Q

what are internal arcuate fibers?

A

fibers that arise from the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus and FORM the contralateral medial lemniscus

28
Q

what is the medial lemniscus?

A

basically the pathway of the second order sensory neuron where crossing over occurs in dorsal column pathway

29
Q

when does the order of a neuron change?

A

after synapsing
- 1st order prior to synapse
- 2nd order after synapse
- 3rd order after another synapse

30
Q

where does the medial lemniscus receive neuron signals from?

A

the contralateral (opposite side) nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

31
Q

what makes the medulla open in the cross sections?

A

the presence of the 4th ventricle

32
Q

what is the major change from the closed medulla to the open medulla?

A

the presence of the inferior olive

33
Q

where is the inferior olive located?

A

lateral to the pyramids

34
Q

what does the inferior olive do?

A
  • receives input from spinal cord and cortex
  • then sends signal to cerebellum
  • function is tied to cerebellar function
35
Q

where do the fibers from the inferior olive go to?

A

the inferior cerebellar peduncle

36
Q

what is a peduncle?

A

a structure that connects the cerebellum to the brain stem and cerebrum

37
Q

how does the spinocerebellar tract relate to the inferior olive?

A

the spinocerebellar tract joins with the inferior olive fibers and they enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncles

38
Q

what pierces the pons?

A

THE PYRAMIDAL FIBERS PIERCE THE PONS

39
Q

as you ascend in the cross sections, what changes are there as you enter the pons? (caudal pons)

A
  • pontine nuclei
  • pyramidal fibers of corticospinal tract pierce the pons
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • cerebellum
40
Q

why does the medial lemniscus appear to move more dorsally as you enter the pons cross-sections?

A
  • the fibers are destined to terminate in the thalamus
  • are on an angle to approach the thalamus
41
Q

where does the medial lemniscus send signals to?

A

the ventral posteriolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VPL)

42
Q

changes and structure in the cross-section of rostral pons?

A
  • superior cerebellar peduncle
  • 4th ventricle gets a little smaller and begins to look like something else… the aqueduct
  • central tegmental tract
43
Q

changes to the cross section as you enter the caudal midbrain?

A
  • perioaqueductal grey (pain)
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
  • inferior colliculus
44
Q

how many colliculi are there in the brain?

A

4 total
2 superior, 2 inferior

45
Q

what changes as you enter the rostral midbrain cross sections?

A
  • red nucleus
  • superior colliculi
  • cerebral penduncle
46
Q

what does the cerebral penduncle consist of?

A
  • substantia nigra (nucleus)
  • crus cerebri (pathway)
47
Q

what does the crus cerebri contain?

A

all the output of the cerebral cortex going down to the brain stem and spinal cord
- pyramidal tract
- corticospinal tract

also contains input to the cortex and all the stuff that goes to the pontine nuclei

LOTS OF AXONS

48
Q

why is the substantia nigra important?

A
  • it has dopaminergic neurons and damage to those neurons can cause Parkinson’s disease
49
Q

what is the interpedunclular fossa?

A
  • the space between the 2 cerebral peduncles
  • 3rd cranial nerve is attached there

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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