Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Disease > HW Dz (Dog) > Flashcards

HW Dz (Dog) Flashcards

1
Q

Life Cycle of HWs

A

Adult worms living in pulmonary vessels reproduce –> microfilaria –> circulate thru systemic circulation –> ingested by mosquito during blood meal from infected dog –> microfilaria develop to L3 in mosquito –> at L3, microfilaria are infective –> can now be transmitted to another animal when mosquito takes another blood meal –> basically get injected into systemic circulation of another animal –> travel to pulmonary vessels –> mature into adult worms that can reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List some of the areas where HW Dz is know to exist

A 
All 50 states
Puerto Rico
Guam
US Virgin Islands
Parts of Canada
Mexico
Australia
South America
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 2 primary effects of adult HWs on the pulmonary vasculature

A

Villous Endarteritis

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe villous endarteritis

A
  • Inflammatory response within pulmonary vessels leads to proliferation of the mucosal lining of the blood vessels
  • Mucosal lining goes from smooth to almost villi texture which changes blood flow thru the vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE)

A
  • Villous endarteritis makes blood flow turbulent, leading to activation of coagulation cascade that results in formation of small blood clots within the blood vessels that can travel into the pulmonary vasculature
  • Clots lodge within small vessels and cut off blood flow resulting in infarcted region of the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain how HW Dz may lead to right-sided CHF (start with the 2 things that change in the body when infected with HWs)

A
  • Villous endarteritis & PTE decrease blood flow and increase pressure in pulmonary vasculature
  • Increased pressure –> pulmonary hypertension
  • The heart works against this pressure resulting in right ventricle hypertrophy (enlargement)
  • Right ventricle muscle weakens and fails to pump blood adequately
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does caval syndrome develop?

A

Develops w/ excessive worm burden where large # of worms spill out of pulmonary artery into right atrium and cranial/caudal vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do HWs in the vena cava do to the body?

A

Worms in vena cava severely disrupt systemic circulation b/c it significantly decreases blood flow into the heart and increases pressure in the venous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clinical Signs of HW Dz, Dz caused by HW Dz (think of how blood gets disrupted and what parts of HW Dz can cause that)

A
  • Coughing +/- blood
  • Pulmonary Thromboembolism
  • Pulmonary Hypertension
  • Ascites & Hepatic Congestion
  • Acute Respiratory Distress
  • Dyspnea
  • Caval Syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathophysiology of coughing in HW Dz

A

vascular inflammatory reaction to infection with worms (villous endarteritis) irritates the respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathophysiology of pulmonary thromboembolism in HW Dz

A

turbulence caused by villous endarteritis activates coagulation which forms small blood clots that are in the pulmonary vessels; pieces of dead worm can also act like small clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pathophysiology of Pulmonary hypertension in HW Dz

A

decreased pulmonary blood flow due to enlargement of right ventricle that results in pressure buildup in pulmonary vasculature behind the right atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathophysiology of ascites and hepatic congestion in HW Dz

A

right-sided heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress & dyspnea in HW Dz

A

disturbed blood flow to portions of the lungs makes lungs less efficient/able to do their job of gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pathophysiology of caval syndrome in HW Dz

A

large # of worms spilling into right atrium & vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical signs of caval syndrome

A 
Shock
Intravascular hemolysis
Hepatic/Renal Failure
Ascites
Extreme Exercise Intolerance
17
Q

Caval syndrome pathophysiology of shock

A

secondary to disruption in the systemic blood circulation

18
Q

Caval syndrome pathophysiology of Intravascular hemolysis

A

RBCs become more fragile and get damaged navigating around worms

19
Q

Caval syndrome pathophysiology of hepatic/renal failure

A

due to decreased blood supply of the liver and hemoglobinuria damaging kidneys

20
Q

Caval syndrome pathophysiology of ascites

A

pressure increase of venous circulatory system in abdomen –> venous hypertension –> leakage of fluid from vessels into peritoneal cavity

21
Q

Caval syndrome pathophysiology of extreme exercise intolerance

A

lack of blood flow thru heart

22
Q

Two HW tests and their purposes

A
  • Antigen Test –> screening tool; looks for adult HW piece that body identifies as an antigen
  • Modified Knott’s Test –> only if antigen test is positive; concentrates # of circulating microfilaria so they can be easily identified
23
Q

Class 1 HW Dz

  • CS
  • Lab Data
  • Rads
  • Prognosis w/ Tx
A 
asymptomatic to mild 
CS = none
Labs = normal
Rads = normal
Prognosis = good
24
Q

Class 2 HW Dz

  • CS
  • Lab Data
  • Rads
  • Prognosis w/ Tx
A

moderate
CS = intermittent cough +/- exercise intolerance
Labs = mild anemia
Rads = mild cardiomegaly, vessel enlargement
Prognosis = guarded

25
Q

Class 3 HW Dz

  • CS
  • Lab Data
  • Rads
  • Prognosis w/ Tx
A

Severe
CS = persistent cough, exercise intolerance
Labs = anemia, hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria
Rads = cardiomegaly, tortuous pulmonary vessels, pulmonary infiltrates
Prognosis = poor

26
Q

Class 4 HW Dz

  • CS
  • Lab Data
  • Rads
  • Prognosis w/ Tx
A

Caval Syndrome
CS = shock, collapse
Labs = severe anemia, hematuria, azotemia, elevated hepatic enzymes
Rads = cardiomegaly, tortuous pulmonary vessels, pulmonary infiltrates
Prognosis = grave

27
Q

Treatment Plan for HW Dz

A

(28 days doxycycline to kill Wolbachia)

  1. adult worms residing in pulmonary vasculature and heart must be killed with an adulticide (Melarsomine)
  2. if microfilaria are present, kill them
  3. preventative plan for rest of dog’s life
28
Q

How does the Tx plan differ if the P has caval syndrome?

A

must surgically remove HWs, have pet heal, and then P considered Class 3 and can begin adulticide Tx

29
Q

What is the only FDA approved med for microfilaria therapy?

A

Advantage Multi

30
Q

What nursing strategy is IMPERATIVE to follow post adulticide therapy?

A

strict cage rest for 4 weeks w/ bathroom breaks on a leash to prevent premature breaking up of worm bits from causing thromboembolism

31
Q

Nursing Strategies for patients exhibiting pulmonary thromboembolism signs

A

O2 therapy
aspiring to decrease platelet function
corticosteroids to minimize inflammation
cage rest

32
Q

Concepts dog owners should know and understand about HW Dz

A

a. Life threatening and preventable Dz
b. Annual antigen test because it’s dangerous to consider the pet safe
c. Give the owner a handout
i. Meds to be used
ii. How meds are given
iii. Side effects of each med
iv. Purpose of exercise restriction
v. What exercise restriction means
vi. How long exercise restriction will last
d. Untreated HW Dz will more than likely kill the pet, but treatment may also kill the pet
e. Pets not showing any clinical signs have best chance for survival
Prevention protocol will be established for the remainder of the pet’s life

Animal Disease (54 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions