FIP & Canine Distemper Flashcards
FIP vs FEC cell preference for replication
FIP- prefers to replicate inside monocytes and macrophages
FEC- replicates inside intestinal epithelial cells
FIP vs FEC- organ systems affected
FIP- can go systemically so it can infect various organs
FEC- intestines
Signalment of cats at risk for FIP vs FEC
FIP- cats 6mo to 3yrs
FEC- kittens less than 1yr
FIP vs FEC clinical signs
FIP- severe clinical signs with a fatal prognosis
FEC- mild diarrhea, good prognosis
When does Effusive FIP (wet) occur? (think in relation to the immune system) Why?
completely impaired cell-mediated immune response but function humoral response
Why?? Humoral arm uses antibodies that recognize and attach to the virus and present the virus to the macrophage. PROBLEM b/c the macrophage is where the virus can replicate and get transported all over the body. The antibody-virus complex can also congregate around blood vessels. If there’s no cell mediated arm to combat this, the complex (and the macrophages) can cause gaps to open in the blood vessel, increasing vascular permeability.
What happens when the blood vessels become more permeable in the case of effusive FIP?
- effusion of protein rich fluid (into the pleura or peritoneum, pending on where the blood vessel permeability occurs)
- neutrophils will also leak from the vessels
- eventually the neutrophils will release lysozymes that increase inflammation and results in endothelial cell necrosis and more vessel permeability
When does Non-effusive FIP (dry) occur? (think in relation to the immune system) Why?
partial cell-mediated immune response is present
small amounts of virus are still replicated and accumulate in complex near blood vessels; vasculitis is present but not as bad as in effusive FIP; neutrophils are still able to get through the vessel wall and reach surrounding tissues
What happens when neutrophils get through the vessel wall in non-effusive FIP?
they form small nodules filled with neutrophils (pyogranulomas) to develop on the surface of many abdominal organs
Clinical signs associated with effusive FIP
nonspecific
weight loss
anorexia
depression
Clinical signs associated with non-effusive FIP
nonspecific
often related to affected organs
How does FIP alter a CBC?
neutrophilia as a result of increased neutrophil recruitment across the body
How does FIP alter a serum panel?
Hyperglobulinemia and decreased albumin:globulin ratio
How to test for FIP
If effusive, collect fluid from a body cavity and evaluate it for protein that leaks out due to the increased permeabilitty
Are antibody titer useful for FIP diagnoses?
No because FEC can also induce the body to produce antibodies, and we can’t tell the difference between FIP and FEC antibodies; many kittens have undiagnosed FEC so testing for the antibodies would be pointless
Nursing interventions for healthy FIP+ cat
not much can be done
avoid stressful situations
Nursing intervention for sick FIP+ cat
therapy is aimed at prolonging a good QoL
concentrate on supportive/palliative care
fluid and nutrition therapy often needed
After onset of clinical signs for FIP, how long do cats usually live?
1wk to 6mo
FIP prevention
keep positive cats in one cat households
quarantine screen new cats for FIP antibodies
Define peritoneum vs pleura
Peritoneum- tissues that line abdominal wall and cover most abdominal organs
Pleura- tissue covering lungs & lines interior wall of chest cavity
Describe the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
what’s its genome, can it survive outside the body
enveloped RNA virus
only lives about 20min in exudates outside host
destroyed easily by disinfectants, heat, drying
Signalment for dogs at risk for acquiring CDV
- unvax/immunocomp. animals
- typically puppies 3-6mo old
- usually have Hx of no vaccine series, poor husbandry/environment, unvaccinated dams, potential exposure to unvax animals
How is CDV transmitted?
aerosolization of viral particles and inhalation into upper respiratory tract
How is CDV primarily shed?
exudates and feces
Where can CDV replicate?
lymphoid, nervous, and epithelial tissues
What pathway does CDV take once it is inhaled?
virus phagocytized by the alevolar macrophage –> carried to bronchial LN –> virus disseminates through the body w/ a predisposition to infect respiratory tract, oculonasal, GI tract –> patient mounts antibody response and recovers; if it doesn’t mount an antibody response –> continued viral multiplication –> possibly gets into CNS –. demyelination and necrosis of nerves –> death
What organ/body systems can CDV infect?
epithelial cells of conjunctiva, nasal, pharyngeal, and tracheal mucosa
epithelial cells of stomach and SI
CNS
Derm
Clinical signs of CDV infection of conjunctiva, nasal, pharyngeal, and tracheal mucosa
ocular and nasal discharge (clear and colorless) sneezing occasional cough (nonproductive) anterior uveitis optic neuritis retinochorditis
Clinical signs of CDV infection of stomach and SI
anorexia
vomiting
diarrhea
dehydration and depression secondary to fluid loss and lack of nutrients
Clinical sings of CDV infection of CNS
CS develop after original CS start to resolve
hyperesthesia
seizures (generalized or partial)
cerebellar signs
vestibular signs
(these CS typically get progressively worse)
When are dermal signs of CDV usually seen, and what are they?
- usually occur in pets who survive the infection
- proliferation of cells that leads to hyperkeratosis of nose/footpads
- pustular dermatitis
What is “old dog encephalitis”? What are it’s clinical signs?
- Describes CNS signs occurring in patients >6yr old who have survived CDV infection in the puppyhood
- Chronic condition that is often progressive
- Clinical Signs stem from the reaction of the immune system to the original CDV infection (depression circling, head pressing, visual defects)
What are some things you can evaluate to possibly point toward a CDV diganosis?
- nonspecific changes in leukogam (lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia)
- development of inclusion bodies in RBC (first 2-9 days of infection)
- buffy coat and bone marrow to ID viral inclusion bodies
- antibodies to CDV in CSF may help support an active infection
What is the prognosis for a CDV infection?
grave if CNS signs
favorable if pustular dermatitis
dependent on competency of pet’s immune system
What nursing care can be offered to CDV patients?
Supportive; fluids for GI signs antiemetics for vomiting anticonvulsants for seizures antibiotics for assumed damage to mucosal lining of resp/GI tracts and to help prevent sepsis if normal GI bacteria translocates from mucosa into systemic circulation
Prevention of CDV
- vaccinate
- don’t expose immunocomp./unvaccinated animals to unvaccinated animals
