Comprehensive Exam Flashcards
Felv
2 subunits and their importance
P27- diagnostic testing
Gp30- immunity development
FeLV
Common clinical conditions
Immune suppression
Neoplasia due to random replication of host and viral DNA
Bone marrow suppression
FeLV
Common CS and why
Pyrexia bc of inflam response
Neutropenia bc neutrophils leave circulation to go fight
Gen. Lymphadenopathy bc virus replicates inside LN
FeLV
Can any meds be given to help
Meds to increase RBC if anemic
Meds to stimulate WBC production if leukopenic
FIV
What cells can it replicate in? Which is preferred?
Lymphocytes (preferred) - destroys them
Macrophages & megakaryocytes (reservoirs)
FIV
CS acute phase
Asymptomatic Lymphadenopathy Neutrophils Prussia Diarrhea
FIV
TX options
Med management of secondary infections
Antivirals w side effects
Immunomodulation but may make FIV worse
FIP
what cells does it infect
Macrophage
Monocyte
Explain effusive vs nom effusive fip
Type on laptop
FIP
transmission
Mutual grooming
Close contact with infected cats
FIP
Is there a way to to detect it?
Can’t use titers bc FEC has same antibodies and many kittens had undiagnosed FEC
If effusive, you can collect fluid from the body cavity and evaluate it protein
Acute GI Dz
4 functional consequences of GI inflammation
Decreased digestion of nutrients
Decreased absorption of nutrients
Decreased absorption of water from colon
Alterations in intestinal motility
Acute GI Dz
When to use SQ fluids
Under 20#
Mild dehydration
Acute GI Dz
Pros for intestinal rest
Decrease stim for continuing inflammation
Decreased stim for digestive enzyme secretion
Decreased risk of aspiration of food if vomits
Acute GI Dz
Cons of intestinal rest
Lack of enterocyte nutrition = enterocyte death
Which results in malabsorption and more D
Acute GI D’s
Small vs large bowel diarrhea
Type on laptop
Parvo:
6 breeds at a higher risk for parvo
Rottweiler Doberman pinscher Labrador retriever American Staffordshire Terrier German shepherd Artic breeds (Siberian husky, Alaskan malamute, Norwegian elkhound)
Parvo:
How does parvo act on the villi of the intestine?
- Virus infects the intestinal crypts of the epithelial cells where new enterocytes are made.
- This interferes with normal epithelial cell growth and development because the new enterocytes will not be efficiently or effectively made.
- Villi will be shortened
Parvo:
What does parvo do to WBCs?
destroys precursors of lymphocytes and lymphoid cells
Parvo:
4 Complicating disorders that may occur with parvo
- Sepsis
- Aspiration Pneumonia
- Intussusception
- Supportive Polyarthritis
Parvo:
Nursing Intervention: GI Rest
-describe
-pathology it reverses
- Designed to allow intestinal tract to rest and begin healing process by growing new epithelial cells
- NPO until no V for 24hrs
- Followed by reintroduction of water, then very small amounts of highly palatable food until daily requirement is being fed over 2-3 feedings
Parvo:
Nursing Intervention: Antibiotic therapy
-description
-pathology to reverse
- Leukopenia likely means P won’t be able to mount a response to transmigrating bacteria
- Hemorrhagic diarrhea likely means intestinal mucosal integrity is breached, making bacterial transmigration more likely
- Antibiotics given as preventive measure to prevent normal GI bacteria from entering into systemic circulation
Pancreatitis:
What are the 2 exocrine functions of the pancreas?
To provide digestive enzymes to the intestinal tract for the digestion of oral nutrients; to provide bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic nature of the fluid that arrives in the duodenum from the stomach
Pancreatitis:
What cells make up the exocrine pancreas?
Acinar cells
Ductal cells
Pancreatitis:
What is autodigestion?
when digestive enzymes become activated within the pancreatic tissue and begin destroying the various pancreatic cells
Pancreatitis:
What are the inflammatory consequences of autodigestion?
- body sends more inflammatory mediators, increasing swelling and edema
- this potentiates the release of additional active digestive enzymes destroying more pancreatic tissue
- swelling may extend to surrounding organs and impinge on common bile duct
- pancreatic necrosis if severe
Pancreatitis:
What causes vomiting/nausea in acute pancreatitis
The inflammation in the pancreas activates certain receptors in the pancreas which stimulate the vomiting center within the brain; remains as long as inflammation and pancreatic swelling are present
Pancreatitis:
What does acute pancreatitis look like in cats?
- sudden onset of anorexia +/- nausea
- weight loss due to anorexia
- depression/lethargy
Pancreatitis:
What is the cephalic component of the digestive process?
It reacts to the smell of food and tells the stomach, SI, and pancreas to begin prep for food by releasing some of their enzymes, thus stimulating the same enzymes that are causing all the inflammation in the first place
Pancreatitis:
Name 2 potential complicating disorders that may occur with acute pancreatitis
Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) Pancreatic "Sterile" Abscess
Pancreatitis:
What is a pancreatic sterile abscess? How does it occur?
Occurs as a result of body attempting to contain inflammation, dead cells, and debris that have been occurring within the pancreatic tissues;
made up of dead neutrophils, dead cells of the affect tissue, and debris
CNS Overview:
List 4 major parts of neuro exam
Observation
Examination of cranial nerve function
Postural reaction
Spinal reflexes
CNS Overview:
What things are observed on a neuro exam?
mental status
posture/head status
Gait
Epilepsy:
Seizure/Syncope Compare and Contrast them
- Loss of consciousness Y/Y
- Loss of bladder and BM control Y/sometimes
- Tonic clonic movements Y/N (paddling instead)
- Jaw snapping Y/N
- Post ictal phase longer/short
- Duration of episode 1-3min/<1min
Epilepsy:
Aside from a PE, list 4 non-invasive diagnostic tests that can be performed to evaluate a patient that has had a seizure
CBC
Serum chemistry
UA
Fasting & post-prandial bile acids
Epilepsy:
What is the “aura”
Period immediately prior to the seizure
Spinal Cord Disorders:
List 4 commonly tested spinal reflexes of the hindlimb
Patellar
Cranial tibial
Gastrocnemius
Withdraw
Spinal Cord Disorders:
Patellar Reflex
-nerve
-spinal cord segments
Femoral
L4-5
Spinal Cord Disorders:
Cranial Tibial Reflex
-nerve
-spinal cord segments
Peroneal nerve
L6-7, S1
Spinal Cord Disorders:
Gastrocnemius Reflex
-spinal cord segments
L6-7, S1
Spinal Cord Disorders:
Withdrawal Reflex
-nerve
-spinal cord segments
Sciatic nerve
L6-S1; sometimes S2
Respiratory Dz Overview:
Explain the purpose of the cough reflex and how it works
an irritant stimulates nervous impulses –> impulses are sent to brain –> triggers a sudden inspiration of air, closure of epiglottis, and forceful contraction of the abdominal and expiratory muscles –> when vocal cords and epiglottis suddenly open, air within lungs is forcefully expelled outward –> foreign particles are expelled with it
Respiratory Dz Overview:
What is the underlying physiology of bronchoconstriction?
Parasympathetic nerves get activated via inflammatory Dz or via reflexes stimulated by the presence of irritants on the epithelial surfaces –> nerves release acetylcholine –> this causes small muscles around the bronchioles to constrict
Respiratory Dz Overview:
How does pneumonia result in a productive cough?
Remember, inflammation leads to increased permeability of membranes, including membranes that line the alveoli. This allows fluid to leak into the alveoli, which inhibits the flow of air into the alveolar space;
Alveoli continue to fill with fluid and debris and regions of the lung tissue become consolidated and can’t fill with air. Accumulation of material = productive cough
Infectious Tracheobronchitis:
List 2 types of vaccines available for Bordetella and what they stimulate
avirulent live- local IgA
whole cell bacterins- systemic
Pulmonary Edema:
How is a “dry” alveolus maintained?
Interaction between pulmonary circulation and pulmonary lymphatic system maintains a slight negative pressure in the pulmonary interstitium (space between the cells and alveolar wall) –> this acts as a vacuum to suck any fluid that leaks into the alveolar space out of the alveoli –> extra fluid carried away via lymphatic vessels or absorbed by blood vessels
Pulmonary Edema:
Common clinical signs of Pulmonary Edema (list them)
Dyspnea w/ Tachypnea & Increased Respiratory Effort
Exercise Intolerance
Crackling Sounds
+/- Cough
Pulmonary Edema:
If a cough happens to be present with pulmonary edema, what does it sound like?
moist sounding cough, but mostly non-productive
Pulmonary Edema:
What medication can be used with pulmonary edema? How does it work?
Furosemide
decreases the overall blood volume which decreases the pressure within the circulatory system –> allows for movement of fluid accumulating within the alveoli to travel back in to the circulatory system
Feline Asthma:
What antibody is involved in feline allergic lung Dz? Where is it produced?
IgE
Produced – cells of skin, intestine, and lungs
Feline Asthma:
What do the inflammatory cells do to the body in the case of feline asthma?
- inflammatory cells stimulate contraction of smooth muscles around bronchioles to try and stop the inhaled allergen from moving deeper in the airway
- mucous production is stimulated to try and trap the allergen
- inflammatory cells may also congregate around airway and spill into bronchiole or alveolar lumen
- Result = turbulent air flow and decreased air flow thru airways
Feline Asthma:
What two types of drugs are used for feline asthma? What do they do to help Tx the clinical signs?
- Bronchodilators increases airway diameter and improves air flow
- Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation
