Comprehensive Final Trouble Spots Flashcards
How long is proestrus?
10ish days
How long is estrus?
5-9 days
How long is diestrus?
Pregnant= 56 to 58 days
Not Pregnant= 60 to 100 days
How long is anestrus?
50ish days
Lab results for pyometra
Closed
- systemic inflam
- neutrophilia
Open
- normal WBC
- possible neutrophilia
Both
- dehydration marked by hyperproteinemia and azotemia
- elevated ALT and ALP if sepsis
- decreases SG if ecoli present
What med is given for medical management of pyo?
Prostaglandin
- increases uterine contractions
- decreases progesterone levels
6 guidelines to define dystocia
- no puppy 30 to 60 min w/ strong contractions
- no puppy 4 to 6 hr w/ weak contractions
- longer than 4 to 6 hr between puppies
- obviois maternal pain w/ no puppy
- temp drops below 100 and no puppy I’m 24 to 36hr
- peolonged gestation (>70 or 72 days beyond first breeding or >60 days beyond first day estrus)
Medical TX for dystocia
Oxytocin if uterine inertia or fatigue is expected bc it stimulates contractions
Uterine inertia vs fatigue
Inertia is failure of uterus to sustain contractions strong enough to expel the fetus. Fatigue is when contractions are pushing against a situation that is not conductive to normal deliver.
Early CS if eclampsia
Nervousness Agitation Irritability Pacing Panting Whining
Moderate CS eclampsia
Ataxia
Pain
Ptyalism
Late CS of eclampsia
Muscle spasms Muscle fasiculations Highly sensitive to noise and touch Pyrexia Tachycardia
Acute Kidney Injury caused by 3 things
Infectious agents
Toxins
Ischemia
AKI
What does decreased glomerular filtration mean/result in?
More toxins in blood stream -> damages renal tubules so normal secretion and absorption of water and electrolytes happen -> less urine is produced, GI mucosa is damaged, gastrin lvl increases
AKI
Electrolyte abnormalities
Increased P and K because they can’t be excreted
AKI
Reasons for diuretics and vasodilators
Increase blood flow to kidneys and increase urine flow
Ethylene glycol:
Stage 1 time and CS
30min to 12hr
ataxia, lethargy, PU/PD, vomiting
Ethylene glycol:
Stage 2 time and CS
12-24hr
tachypnea and tachycardia (due to metabolic acidosis)
Ethylene glycol:
Stage 3 time and CS
24-72hr (dog); 12-24hr (cat)
AKI, vomiting, anorexia, oliguria, anuria
Ethylene glycol:
Lab work results
- severe azotemia and hyperphosphatemia (kidney’s can’t excrete, BUN, CRE, P)
- hypocalcemia due to Ca being tied up with oxalate crystal formation
CS of CRF
early and late signs
uremia
toxin retention
systemic hypertension
Late: dementia weakness stupor seizures
Why does hypertension occur in CRF patients?
retained Na and H2O
CRF Lab work alterations
- mild to mod regen. anemia
- azotemia w/ isosthenuria
- elevated BUN and CRE
- hyperphosphatemia
- hypokalemia
Dietary changes for CRF
decrease: P, protein, Na
increase: K, calories
Define uremia and how it presents
the effects of the retained toxins and other substances that the kidney is supposed to eliminate from the body
presents as PU/PD
CRF management options (long list)
diet fluids H2 blockers antiemetics oral potassium oral phosphate binders hypertension meds blood transfusion human erythropoietin
What type of antibody is produced locally as a defense in lower UT Dz?
IgA
4 CS of lower UT Dz
hematuria
pollakiuria
stranguria
dysuria
How do bacteria specialize for cystitis infections?
-special adherence structures that allow bacteria to attach to urinary epithelial cells
-secretion of hemolysin
capsule prevents phagocytism
When the inflammatory response is stimulated, the bladder ______________.
contracts
What stones are radiolucent?
ammonium urate
What environment do struvites like, and what way do you need to shift the pH?
like basic enviro
promote acidic pH (6-6.5)
What environment do calcium oxalate like, and what way do you need to shift the pH?
like acidic environment
promote neutral pH (6.7-7)
FLUTD:
What forms can FLUTD come in?
idiopathic
secondary to bacterial cystitis/neoplasia
secondary to uroliths
obstructive vs nonobstructive
What things get eliminated from the body after urine flow is re-established post blockage?
BUN CRE P K (even to the point of hypo) toxins
Cause of hemorrhage
obvious external injury
rupture of internal organ
coagulation abnormality
parasites
Causes of hemolysis
Primary: IMHA
Secondary: administration/exposure to certain drugs/toxins
Causes of non-regen. anemia
bone marrow aplasia/hypoplasia (due to FeLV, Estrogen, etc.)
myelofibrosis
neoplasia
3 primary effects of hemolysis on the body
anemia
HgB release
increased risk of clot formation due to inappropriate activity of coag. cascade
3 CS of IMHA
anemia
icterus
red colored urine due to hemoglobinuria
IMHA lab work changes
nonregen anemia hemolyzed serum spherocytes 2+ autoagglutination significant leukocytosis hyperbilirubinemia elevated liver enzymes hemoglobinuria
Rodenticide CS
- general
- pulmonary parenchymal or pleural cavity hemorrhage
- pericardial sac hemorrhage
Gen –> anemia
PP or PC hemorrhage –> tachypnea, dyspnea, +/- cough
PS hemorrhage –> dyspnea, collapse
List the tests in a clotting profile
PT
PTT/APPT
ACT
____ will be prolonged first in Rodenticide poisonings because it primarily assesses clotting factor 7 which as a short half life
PT
