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Animal Disease > Comprehensive Final Trouble Spots > Flashcards

Comprehensive Final Trouble Spots Flashcards

1
Q

How long is proestrus?

A

10ish days

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2
Q

How long is estrus?

A

5-9 days

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3
Q

How long is diestrus?

A

Pregnant= 56 to 58 days

Not Pregnant= 60 to 100 days

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4
Q

How long is anestrus?

A

50ish days

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5
Q

Lab results for pyometra

A

Closed

  • systemic inflam
  • neutrophilia

Open

  • normal WBC
  • possible neutrophilia

Both

  • dehydration marked by hyperproteinemia and azotemia
  • elevated ALT and ALP if sepsis
  • decreases SG if ecoli present
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6
Q

What med is given for medical management of pyo?

A

Prostaglandin

  • increases uterine contractions
  • decreases progesterone levels
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7
Q

6 guidelines to define dystocia

A
  • no puppy 30 to 60 min w/ strong contractions
  • no puppy 4 to 6 hr w/ weak contractions
  • longer than 4 to 6 hr between puppies
  • obviois maternal pain w/ no puppy
  • temp drops below 100 and no puppy I’m 24 to 36hr
  • peolonged gestation (>70 or 72 days beyond first breeding or >60 days beyond first day estrus)
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8
Q

Medical TX for dystocia

A

Oxytocin if uterine inertia or fatigue is expected bc it stimulates contractions

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9
Q

Uterine inertia vs fatigue

A

Inertia is failure of uterus to sustain contractions strong enough to expel the fetus. Fatigue is when contractions are pushing against a situation that is not conductive to normal deliver.

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10
Q

Early CS if eclampsia

A 
Nervousness
Agitation
Irritability
Pacing
Panting
Whining
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11
Q

Moderate CS eclampsia

A

Ataxia
Pain
Ptyalism

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12
Q

Late CS of eclampsia

A 
Muscle spasms
Muscle fasiculations 
Highly sensitive to noise and touch
Pyrexia
Tachycardia
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13
Q

Acute Kidney Injury caused by 3 things

A

Infectious agents
Toxins
Ischemia

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14
Q

AKI

What does decreased glomerular filtration mean/result in?

A

More toxins in blood stream -> damages renal tubules so normal secretion and absorption of water and electrolytes happen -> less urine is produced, GI mucosa is damaged, gastrin lvl increases

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15
Q

AKI

Electrolyte abnormalities

A

Increased P and K because they can’t be excreted

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16
Q

AKI

Reasons for diuretics and vasodilators

A

Increase blood flow to kidneys and increase urine flow

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17
Q

Ethylene glycol:

Stage 1 time and CS

A

30min to 12hr

ataxia, lethargy, PU/PD, vomiting

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18
Q

Ethylene glycol:

Stage 2 time and CS

A

12-24hr

tachypnea and tachycardia (due to metabolic acidosis)

19
Q

Ethylene glycol:

Stage 3 time and CS

A

24-72hr (dog); 12-24hr (cat)

AKI, vomiting, anorexia, oliguria, anuria

20
Q

Ethylene glycol:

Lab work results

A
  • severe azotemia and hyperphosphatemia (kidney’s can’t excrete, BUN, CRE, P)
  • hypocalcemia due to Ca being tied up with oxalate crystal formation
21
Q

CS of CRF

early and late signs

A

uremia
toxin retention
systemic hypertension

Late:
dementia
weakness
stupor
seizures
22
Q

Why does hypertension occur in CRF patients?

A

retained Na and H2O

23
Q

CRF Lab work alterations

A
  • mild to mod regen. anemia
  • azotemia w/ isosthenuria
  • elevated BUN and CRE
  • hyperphosphatemia
  • hypokalemia
24
Q

Dietary changes for CRF

A

decrease: P, protein, Na
increase: K, calories

25
Q

Define uremia and how it presents

A

the effects of the retained toxins and other substances that the kidney is supposed to eliminate from the body

presents as PU/PD

26
Q

CRF management options (long list)

A 
diet
fluids
H2 blockers
antiemetics
oral potassium
oral phosphate binders
hypertension meds
blood transfusion
human erythropoietin
27
Q

What type of antibody is produced locally as a defense in lower UT Dz?

A

IgA

28
Q

4 CS of lower UT Dz

A

hematuria
pollakiuria
stranguria
dysuria

29
Q

How do bacteria specialize for cystitis infections?

A

-special adherence structures that allow bacteria to attach to urinary epithelial cells
-secretion of hemolysin
capsule prevents phagocytism

30
Q

When the inflammatory response is stimulated, the bladder ______________.

A

contracts

31
Q

What stones are radiolucent?

A

ammonium urate

32
Q

What environment do struvites like, and what way do you need to shift the pH?

A

like basic enviro

promote acidic pH (6-6.5)

33
Q

What environment do calcium oxalate like, and what way do you need to shift the pH?

A

like acidic environment

promote neutral pH (6.7-7)

34
Q

FLUTD:

What forms can FLUTD come in?

A

idiopathic
secondary to bacterial cystitis/neoplasia
secondary to uroliths
obstructive vs nonobstructive

35
Q

What things get eliminated from the body after urine flow is re-established post blockage?

A 
BUN
CRE
P
K (even to the point of hypo)
toxins
36
Q

Cause of hemorrhage

A

obvious external injury
rupture of internal organ
coagulation abnormality
parasites

37
Q

Causes of hemolysis

A

Primary: IMHA
Secondary: administration/exposure to certain drugs/toxins

38
Q

Causes of non-regen. anemia

A

bone marrow aplasia/hypoplasia (due to FeLV, Estrogen, etc.)
myelofibrosis
neoplasia

39
Q

3 primary effects of hemolysis on the body

A

anemia
HgB release
increased risk of clot formation due to inappropriate activity of coag. cascade

40
Q

3 CS of IMHA

A

anemia
icterus
red colored urine due to hemoglobinuria

41
Q

IMHA lab work changes

A 
nonregen anemia
hemolyzed serum
spherocytes 2+
autoagglutination
significant leukocytosis
hyperbilirubinemia
elevated liver enzymes
hemoglobinuria
42
Q

Rodenticide CS

  • general
  • pulmonary parenchymal or pleural cavity hemorrhage
  • pericardial sac hemorrhage
A

Gen –> anemia
PP or PC hemorrhage –> tachypnea, dyspnea, +/- cough
PS hemorrhage –> dyspnea, collapse

43
Q

List the tests in a clotting profile

A

PT
PTT/APPT
ACT

44
Q

____ will be prolonged first in Rodenticide poisonings because it primarily assesses clotting factor 7 which as a short half life

A

PT

Animal Disease (54 decks)

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