Human Rights Mock 2 Flashcards
What are human rights ?
Basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.
Applicable at all times and in all places and they protect everyone equally , without discrimination
what is a human rights norm ?
represent ways of living that have been included into the culture of a country ot area over a long period of time
What is infant mortality rate
Annual number of deaths of infants under the age of one per 1000 live births
what is intervention ?
use of military force by a state or group of states in a foreign territory in order to end gross violation of human rights
What is good about military presence ?
protects citizens
UN human righjts teams work in area to protect and promote human righst
What does global governance of human rights involve ?
direct physical intervention and application of a growing number of human rights norms , laws and treaties or conventions plus work of civil society
What is geo politics ?
global balance of political power rand international relations
How many victims of forced labour are there globally ?
25 million
how many people globally are expolited in economic activities ?
16 million
how many people globally are forced into sexual exploitation ?
4.9 million
how many people globally are in forced labour imposed by state authorities ?
4.1 million
Where is there the highest amount of forced labour ?
South East Asia
What are economic factors that influence patters of global forced labour ?
- poverty
lack of economic opportunities and unemployment - low wages
-subsitence farming
-migration and seeking work
what are political factors that influence global forced labour ?
-political instability
- conflict
- breakdown of rule of law
corruption
- state sponsorship of modern slavery
- High levels of discrimination and prejudice
What are the social factors that influenve global forced labour ?
- gender inequality
- age, especially children
- entire families enslaved through bonded labour
- women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation
- indigienous people
what are environmental factros that influence global forced labour ?
- escaping climate related disasters (food shortage and water shortage)
hazardous working conditions in open mines
what is a MMR ?
Death of a woman unlike pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy - Annual number of these deaths per 100,000 live births
what was the MMR globally in 2017 ?
295,000 women globally died during or after pregnancy
Where is the worst maternal mortality rate ?
South Sudan, Chad and Sierra Leone
what was the MMR of South Sudan ?
1150 per 100,000 live births
What was the MMR of Chad ?
1140 per 100,000 live births
What was the MMR of Sierra Leone ?
1120 per 100,000 live births
What are the factors that influence global variations of MMR ?
- Access to treatment for pregnancy and birth complications , especially emergency care
- Quality of medical services , especially provision of skilled attendance at birth
- Level of political commitment and government investment
- Availabiltyy of info and education
- Cultural beliefs, practices and discrimination
- poverty
In 2018 how much capital punishment was there ?
at least 690 globally
2531 people were sentenced to death in 54 countries
what are factors that influence global variations of capital punishment ?
- Differences between countries in the range and type of crimes for which it is imposed
the incidence of its legaloty under national law - the increase in the number of countries in which it is being abolished - its reinforcement in some countries in for threats to state security and public safety posed by terrorism
- number of communications and pardons
what is gender inequality ?
unequal treatment o individual based on their gender
what is gender inequality demonstrated by ?
- forced marriage , often involving children
- trafficking into forced labour , including sex slavery
- access to education and helathcare
- employment opportunities and political participation
- wage equality for similar work to men
- violence against women
- access to reproductive helath services
what are the factors influencing femal education particiaption in developing countries ?
- costs may prohibit all the children in a family from continuing in secondary education , it is usually the giving that suffer
- household obligations often fall on the eldest girl when the family burden of work increases bcos of male out migration
- negative classroom environments
- inadequate sanitiation schools, no private industries
- inadequate legislations
- insuficinet gov investment
- ealry pregnancy
What are the factors affecting female reporudctive health in developing countries ?
- early forced marriage
- high rates of young pregnancies
- STds
harmful traditional practices, especially fgm - forced sterilisation or abortion
- ## gender bias in education / access to info
In sub saharan africa how many females were married before15 and 18
?
12%
37%
In south asia how many women were married before 15v and 18 ?
8%
30%
what are the impacts of early marriage
?
education ends, job prospects diminish , they become vulnerabel to povery amd exclusion , health decline, MMR rise
what are factors that affect the spatial variation for equal male/ female employment opps ?
- social norms
- cultrual beliefs
- level of gov support
- levels of discrimination in workplace
- sectoral structure of the labour market
what is the population of india ?
1.35 billion (2020)
Where is india on the WEF Global gender gap index ?
112th out of 153 countries
where is india on the UN’s gender inequality index ?
129th out of 189
in 2017, how many crimes against women were recorded in the state of Uttar Pradesh ?
59,445
in 2017, how many crimes were recorded against women in Maharashrtra ?
35,497
What crimes against women are happening in india ?
murder
human trafficking
kidnaping
assault
rape
gang rape
dowry deaths
aci dattacks
how many child brides are in Indi a ?
1 in 3 of the worlds childs brides
how many child brides in total are there in india ?
223 million
102 million before the age of 15
what oercentage of women in india experience gender violence ?
28.7 %
on average how many rapes occur in india
90
What is the most prevalent crime in Indi a?
Cruelty by husband and his relatives (31.9%)
in 2017 how many victims of modern slavery were there ?
8 million victims
Whats an example of a bonded labour scheme ?
send daughters to spinning mills of Tamil Nadu with a promise of a lump sum after 3 years
how is gender inequality present in property owership ?
women’s rights in ownership of land and property are very limited
how does gender inequality present itself in employment opportunity ?
women expected to remain at home , recited children, conduct domestic chores and work substinence farming
in Dehli, how many married women return to work after childbirth ?
25%
what percent of board members of listed companies are women in Indi a?
13.8%
in the upper house what percent of seast are held by women (india )?
11.4%
Few women in minesterial positions
What does access to healthcare depend on for women in Indi a?
- reporductive age of women
- distance to hospotal
- cost of travel
- level of poverty
- number of doctors
What are some restrictive factors for access ot education in India ?
especially in poor communtiies , such as family requirements for girls to contribute to housework and agricultural work, porvision of a safe , security learning environments in schools and continued prevelance of child marriage
What are the consequences of dowry deaths for women in India ?
subjected to murder and disfigurement , mostly by burning , when their family cannot meet demands for a dowry for husband
in 2018 how many dowry deatsh are there in India ?
7166 dowry related deaths affecting 26 states through India
What is honour killing in India ?
by family members for not agreeing to arranged marriage or for not conforming with other gender norms
What are women coerced into in Inid a?
sterilisation schemes
What has the gender inequality in India been caused by ?
Deeply entrenched gender-based norms which favour men
What are examples of intervention for changing gender norms in India ?
- strenghtening rule of aw
- increasing numbers of laws and treaties
- by work of NGO’S in local communities
- improving education
- influence of the media
What did the indian gov join to change gender norms ?
UN Treaty Bodies e.g. Commitee on the elimination of discrimination against women (CEDAW)
What are some parliament acts to change gender norms ?
The prohibiton of Child marriage act (2006)
The dowry prohibition act (2008)
Protection of women from domestic violence act (2005)
Sexual harrasment of women at workplace act and rules (2013)
The child labour amendment act (2016)
What is the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs doing to change gender norms
Anti trafficking cell (women safety division )
Strenghtening law enforcement , explansion of anti-trafficking police units
what are large companies doing to change gender norms ?
providing childcare facilities
What are strategies for global governance of human rights ?
- Work of NGO’s , private organisations and human rights actions
- Influence of MNC’s in terms of their corporate social responsibility
- creation and application of international and national laws
- attemots to srengthen the rule of the ;aw
- reference to legal mechanisms such as the European Court of Human Rights and International Criminal Court (ICC).
- Treaties or conventions established by supernational organisations such as the UN and regional unions such as ASEAN, EU and NATO
- Role of UN peacekeeping operations in promoting and protecting human rights
What are some human rights violations ?u
- denial of human needs such as food, housing , employment opportunity and limited access to education over long periods of time
- Discrimination and denial of freedom in an undemocratic society
- unrepresentative gov in which people are treated unequally or unjustky and excluded from decision-making.
- Genocide and Torture
What does conflict lead to ?
Furhter human rights violations
What are the impacts of conflict ?
- high incidence of mortality or military involved in fighting and civilians in local communities nerby
- damage to homes and other property
- damage to infrastructure , incluidng transport systems, hospitals, schools and tele-communications
- the impact on food and water supply
- expolitation of women and children
how many member states are there in the UN ?
193 member states
What is the UN involved in ?
many of its agencies are involved in promoting and protecting human rights
what do NGO’s do for human rights violations ?
provide ealry warning of new violence, modification of social norms thru education
- training in practical skills of argiculture , water conservation and improved sanitiation , provision of medicine , medical assistance
What is a treaty ?
formal written agreements between groups of countries which are binding between groups of countries which are binding in international and national law
Where is Afghanistan located ?
landlocked
South Asua
mountainous
political instability
armed conflict
before 2001 , how much of Afghanistan was the Taliban in control of ?
90 %
What are the human rights issues in Afghanistan ?
casualties
gender inequality
restricted socio-economic development
by 2019 , how many members of Afghan security forces have been killed ?
45,000
where is afghanistan on the UNDP’s gender inequality index ?
153 out of 189 countries
where is afghanistan ranked in countries in terms of HDI ?
168th out og 189
what is the life expectancy of afghanistan ?
53 years
how does UNICEF promote rural developments in afghanistan ?
- promoting community-based schools and accelerated learning centres
- protecting children from child marriage , domestic violence and child labour
- providing safe havens for children affected by armed conflict
- advising on nutrition
- improvign fresh water supply
What are USAID doing for rural communities ?
agricultural programme
helping to improve food security , increased agricultural productivity , rural employment and family incomes
What is UN World Food programmed doing for rural communities in Afghanistan ?
providing nutritious food and support for small-holder farmers
what is UN Habitat doing for urban neighbourhoods in Afghanistan ?
working to coordinate the Afghan gov , local gov , community councils and funding from the japanese gov to upgrade neighbourhoods in the 33 provisional capitals and Kabul
In afghanistan parliament how many seats are held by women ?
27%
What did the Afghan gov do to protect and promote human rights ?
established the Afghan Independant Human Rights Comission
what has the aghan gov done for socio economic development ?
membership of the economic cooperation organisation
why are afghan gov working with EU and UNCTAD ?
to improve trade and development
What is afghan aid ?
an NGO
Operates in most provinces with a focus on some of the poorest and most remote communities
what is the aim of aghan aid ?
Human rights issues such as food security, woemn’s rights, economic livelihoods, and access to the most basic services of infrastructure , water supply, sanitation and education
how many people has aghan aid reached with humanitairan relief ?
496,170
how many women have been supported to enhance their economic engagement , inclusion in local governance and full in participation community life because of Afghan Aid ?
447,293
What are the benefits of intervention on HR ?
Medical assistance
Provision of shelter, sanitation, food and water
Military protection preventing further casualites and providing protected areas to live and safety for aid workers - UN Peacekeeping Operations
what are the negative impacts of military intervention for hr ?
damage to property and infrastructure
population displacement
further disrespect for hr
civilian casualties
disruption of education
what is the positive impact on development (human rights long term impacts )?
improvement in health and life expectancy (MMR and IMR)
Education equality , increased enrolment for girls and boys
improved transport
internationalisation of accpeted societal nroms
- freedom from abuse of women and children
- employment opportunities and reduction of poverty
- democratic elections , democratic gov and political stability
what is the male life expectancy in DRC ?
59
what is the female life expectancy in DRC ?
63
what does DRC stand for ?
Democratic Republic of Congo
where is DRC ?
sub-saharan africa
what is the pop of DRC ?
101.8 million
what is the GDP per capita of DRC ?
$785
what are the human rights issues in DRC ?
civilian loss of life
refugees
limited access to health care and education
high IMR and MMR
people trafficking
forced labour
domestic violence
high incidence of malnutrition
In DRC , what has replaced the Peacekeeping Mission (MONUC) ?
UN Stablisiation Misiion (MONUSCO)
What are the aims of MONUC ?
to protect civilians , humanitarian personell and human rights defending under imminent threat of physical violence
how many personell were deployed near Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi borders ?
18,000
what did the new president of DRC bring to the country ?
since 2019 - positive changes by creating coilition gov
what were the aims of the new president in DRC ?
improvements in governance, economic development , safety and access to healthcare, sanitation and education
what are the aims of the NGO , CARE ?
reduce mortality
strenghten local governance
imrpove gender equality, food security
reduce vulnerability to social injustices especially for political migrants
what are the aims of action aid , an NGO ?
working to improve community resilience by rpoviding agricultural tools, seeds and training to promotoe self-sufficiency and provide access to education for kids
What are the UN missions doing in the DRC ?
help to improve political stability by preventing recurrence of major conflict and promoting unification of the country `
who is DRC’s president and when did he come into power ?
Jan 2019
Tshisekedi
what have the UN and African Union done for DRC ?stability
established peace and secuirty and human rights treaties available for the gov to sign and ratify
What is the DRC doing to grow ?
Has the potential to be rich - mineral resources like gold, diamonds , tin, uranium, copper and oil
Increased demand for copper and cobalt (driven economy up)- by 3.9% , 2020
participates in Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative - requires publication of revenues , improev governmental management of the mining sector attratcing FDI
What is thr HDI of DRC ?
0.495 (global rank = 179th )
What are the world bank group aims for DRC ?
fight poverty snd improve standards of living
what are projects that the World Bank Group have done in DRC ?
equal access to education for school age children
forets management , working with indigenous peoples to improve livelihoods , conserve biodiversity and forest resources
- supporting gov in preventing food insecurity
How many women in DRC are illiterate ?
half of the 15-24 years old women
what is the total fertility rate in the DRC ?
5.7
what is the IMR of DRC ?
68.2/1000 live births
what is the MMR of the DRC ?
473/100,000 live births
how much of the DRC are in extreme poverty ( less than $1,90 a day )
74%
