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ELSS Mock Flashcards

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1
Q

how do oceans moderate temps ?

A

oceans moderate temps by absorbing, stroing and slowly releasing heat

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2
Q

why are clouds impottant ?

A

reflect incoming solar radiation and lower surface temps

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3
Q

why is water vapour important ?

A

absorb long wave radiation rom the earth and maintain global temps 15 degrees higher than they usually would be.

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4
Q

what are the uses of water on earth ?

A

makes up 65-95% of living organisms and is vital for their growth , reproduction and metabolic functions
water is used in all chemical reactions in human and animals

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5
Q

why do plants needs water ?

A

for photosynthesis, repsiration and transpiration

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6
Q

what are the jhuman uses of carbon ?

A

economic resource , used in fossil fuels which power global economies
agriculture, crops and forest trees store lots of carbon

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7
Q

why is life carbon based ?

A

built on large molecules such as proteins , carbs and nucleic acid

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8
Q

why is earth the only planet which can support life ?

A

temps dont go from one extreme to another
all plants recieve light 4 photosynthesis
water isnt acidic
sun

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9
Q

what is the composition of the atmosphere ?

A

21% oxygen
0.04% of CO2

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10
Q

how is the atmosphere kept on earth ?

A

by gravity

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11
Q

what is the goldilocks zone ?

A

just the right distance from the sun to allow the presence of liquid water on Earth

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12
Q

where is 99.9% of all carbon on earth stored ?

A

long term storage in sedimentary rocks

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13
Q

what does carbon move through ?

A

atmosphere, oceans, soil and biosphere

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14
Q

what are systems ?

A

groups of objects and the relationship that bind the objects together

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15
Q

how much global water is stored in oceans ?

A

97%

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16
Q

how much global water is stored in ice sheets ?

A

2%

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17
Q

how much global water is stored in groundwater ?

A

0.7%

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18
Q

how much global water is stored in lakes ?

A

0.01%

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19
Q

how much global water is stored in soils ?

A

0.005%

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20
Q

how much global water is stored in atmosphere ?

A

0.001%

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21
Q

how much global water is stored in rivers ?

A

0.0001%

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22
Q

how much global water is stored in biosphere ?

A

0.00004%

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23
Q

how much global carbon is stored in (billion tonnes) sedimentary rock ?

A

60,000-100,000,000

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24
Q

how much global carbon is stored in (billion tonnes) ocean deep layer ?

A

38,000

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25
Q

how much global carbon is stored in (billion tonnes) fossil fuels ?

A

4130

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26
Q

how much global carbon is stored in (billion tonnes) soil ?

A

2300

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27
Q

how much global carbon is stored in (billion tonnes) ocean surface

A

700

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28
Q

how much global carbon is stored in (billion tonnes) atmosphere ?

A

600

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29
Q

how much global carbon is stored in (billion tonnes) land plants

A

560

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30
Q

how much global water circulates between the stores ?

A

505,000km cubed

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31
Q

what is evapotarnspiration ?

A

H20 evaporates from surface water and land and transpires through leaves

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32
Q

what is condensation and precipitation ?

A

vapour becomes liquid and is transferred to land as precipitation

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33
Q

what is ablation and sublimation ?

A

whe snow, ice melts

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34
Q

what is run off and filtration ?

A

precipitation ends up as run off after infiltration in soil

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35
Q

what is percolation ?

A

transfer of H20 to ground water stores (aquifers) , returned to earth surface as springs

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36
Q

how is precipitation connected to carbon cycle ?

A

atmospheric co2 dissolves in rainwater to form a weak carbonic acid , when precip happens CO2 flows back to lands and oceans
imcreased burning of fossil fuels increases acidity of rain and ocean water

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37
Q

how is photosynthesis linked to carbon cycle ?

A

plants and phytoplankton convert co2 and water to glucose and oxygen

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38
Q

how is decompostion connected to the carbon cycle ?

A

carbon released as co2 when organsisms die by microoorgansism carrying out respiration whhich also put mineral ions in soil

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39
Q

how does combustion link to the carbon cycel ?

A

organic material burns, co2 locked up in the material is released with other gases like co2

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40
Q

what are the inputs and outputs of the carbon cycle ?

A

precipitation, photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, combustion

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41
Q

what is percolation ?

A

downward movement of water through soil and rock ue to gravity

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42
Q

what is the slow carbon cycle ?

A

carbon stored in rocks, sea floor sediment and fossil fuels

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43
Q

what is the residence time of sedimentary rocks ?

A

150 million years

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44
Q

what happens in chemical weathering (slow cycle) ?

A

carbonation (results of precipitation cherged with co2 from atmosphere , which forms weak acid).
acid attacks carbonate minerals in rock, releasing co2

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45
Q

how does partly decomposed organic matter link to the carbon cycle ?

A

buried beneath younger sediments to form carbonaceous rocks such as coal and oil.
these fossil fuels act as carbon sinks

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46
Q

how much carbon is circulated thru the slow carbon cycle a year ?

A

10-100 million tonnes

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47
Q

what is the slow carbon cycle in the sea ?

A

co2 diffuses into oceans where marine organisms make their shells by fixing dissolved C together with calcium to form calcium carbonate
on death, remains sink to ocean floor
accumulate over millions of years , heat and pressure convert to sedimentary rocks

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48
Q

what is the fast carbon cycle ?

A

between atmosphere, oceans , living organisms and soils

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49
Q

how faster is the fast carbon cycle than the slow one ?

A

10-100 times faster

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50
Q

what part does phytoplankton play in the fast carbon cycle ?

A

thru photosynthesis they absorb co2 from atmos and combine it with h20 to make carbs

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51
Q

what part does decomposition play in decomposition ?

A

dead organic matter by microbial activity returns co2 to atmos

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52
Q

how are the atmos and oceans interlinked ?

A

atmospheric co2 dissolves in ocean surface while oceans ventilate co2 back to atmos
through this idividual c atoms can be stored by natural sequestrion in oceans for about 300 years

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53
Q

what is the water balance equation ?

A

precip= evapotranspiration +streamflow +- storagr

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54
Q

how can precip vary ?

A

high latitudes +mountanous catchments - precip often falls as snow - therfore large time lag between snowfall and run off

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55
Q

what is transpiration ?

A

diffusion of water vapour to the atmosphere from leaf pores (stomata) of plants. influenced by temp and wind speed q

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56
Q

what do cumuliform cloud look like ?

A

flat bases

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57
Q

what is dew point ?

A

when condensation will occur

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58
Q

how do cumuliform clouds form ?

A

when air is heated locally through contact with earths surface
- causes heat particles ro rise freely thru atmos , expand and cool
as cooling reaches dew point , condensation = clouds

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59
Q

when do stratiform clouds form ?

A

when air mass moves horizontally across a cooler surface (ocean )

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60
Q

where do cirrus clouds form ?

A

high altitudes

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61
Q

what are the key features of cirrus clouds ?

A

consist of tiny ice crystals
wispy
dont produce precip , so little influence on water cycle

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62
Q

what does condensation near the ground produce ?

A

dew and fog

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63
Q

what are clouds ?

A

visible aggregates of H20 and ice that float free in air

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64
Q

when do clouds form >

A

when water vapour is cooled at dew point

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65
Q

when does cooling occur ?

A

air warmed by contact with ground rises thru atmos. As air rises and pressure falls it cools by expansion
vertical movement of air is known as convection

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66
Q

when does cooling also occur /

A
  • air masses move horizontal across cooler surface (advection)
  • air masses rise as they cross mountain barrier
  • relatively warm air masses mixes with a cooler one
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67
Q

what are lapse rates ?

A

describe vertical distribution of temp in lower atmos and temp changes that occurs within air parcel as it rises vertically away from ground

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68
Q

what is elr ?

A

environmental lapse rate

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69
Q

what is dalr ?

A

dry adiabatic lapse rate

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70
Q

what is salr ?

A

saturated adiabatic lapse rate

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71
Q

explain the elr ?

A

Rate at which temperate falls with increasing Altitude
Every 1km gained temp falls by 6.5 degrees

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72
Q

epxplain the dalr ?

A

The rate at which the temperature of a parcel of dry air decreases as the parcel is lifted in the atmosphere is approx 10 degrees / km

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73
Q

explain the salr ?

A

rate at which saturated parcel of air cools as it rises thru atmos
bcos condensation releases latent heat , the SALR, at around 7 degrees/km is lower than DALR

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74
Q

what is dry air ?

A

less than 100% humidity so condensation is not taking place

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75
Q

what is saturTED AIR ?

A

one in which condensation is occuring

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76
Q

explain the formation of clouds by convection ?

A

1) ground heated by sun heats air
2)air warmer that surroundings so less dense + bouyant
3) atmospheric instability - results in air rising freely in a convection current
4) when internal temp reaches DP , condensation occurs and cloud starts to form
5) air continues to rise as long as its higher remp than surroundings

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77
Q

what are the ways in which interception loss is affected by ?

A

interception storage capacity
wind speed
veg type
tree species

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78
Q

What does interception depend on

A

interception depends on duration and intensity of a rainfall event

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79
Q

what is wind speed, to do with interception loss ?

A

rate of evaporation increase with this

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80
Q

what is veg type , to do with interception loss ?

A

interception loss interception losses greater than grasses than agricultural crops

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81
Q

what is trees, to do with interception losss ?

A

larger surface area and aerodynamic roughness

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82
Q

what is tree species , to do with interception loss ?

A

loses greater from evergreen conifers than broadleavened, decidious trees

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83
Q

what does water emerge at the surface as ?

A

springs and seepages

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84
Q

how is carbon exchanged through precipitation ?

A

atmospheric co2 dissolves in rain to form weak carbonic acid
rising conc of co2 in atmos have increased acidity fo rainfall - harmful 4 marine life

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85
Q

how is carbon excganged thru photosynthesis ?

A

using suns energy , co2 from atmos , green plants and phytoplankton convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose)

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86
Q

how is carbon exchanged thru weathering ?

A

involves rain whihc onctains dissolved co2
rain is weak carbonic acid which dissolves in limestone and chalk in process called carbonation
release from limestone to streams, rivers, oceans and atmos

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87
Q

how much carbon does chemical weathering transfer ?

A

0.3 billion tonnes of carbon to the atmos and oceans every year

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88
Q

how is carbon exchanged thru respiration ?

A

glucose converte to co2 and h2o.
volume of carbon exchanged by respiration + photosynthesis each year is 1000 times greater than that moving thru slow carbon cycle

89
Q

how is carbon exchanged thru decomposition ?

A

bacteria and fungi breakdown dead organic matter , extracting energy and releasing co2 to atmos and mineral nutrients to soil

90
Q

when is decomposition fastest ?

A

warm, humid environments

91
Q

how is carbon exchanged thru combustion ?

A

organic material burns in the presence of O
releases co2 too and sulphur dioxide
also results from deliberat firing of forest to clear land for farming

92
Q

how much co2 a year goes from geological store to the oceans, atmos +biosphere ?

A

10 billion tonnes

93
Q

what is carbon sequestrian ?

A

process in which the oceans take up carbon by two mechanisms

94
Q

what is the physical inorganic pump ?

A

mixing of surface and deep ocean waters by vertical currents, creating a more even distribution of C in the oceans
co2 enters oceans from atmos by diffusion
surface ocean currents the transport the H2o and its dissolved cos2 polewards here it cools, becomesdense and sinks

95
Q

where does downwelling occur ?

A

N atlantic between greenland and iceland

96
Q

what is downwelling ?

A

carries dissolved C to ocean depths where individual C molecules may remain 4 centuries
eventually deep ocean currents transport C to areas of upwelling

97
Q

how many tonnes of C is drawn from atmos by biological pump every year

A

50 billion tonnes

98
Q

what is the biological pump driven by ?

A

marine organisms

99
Q

what os the process of biological pump ?

A

phytoplankton combines sunlight , water and dissolved co2 to produce organic material
C locked in phytoplankton accumulates in sediments on the ocean floor or it decomposes adnd is released to ocean as co2

100
Q

how large is the amazon rainforest

A

6,000,000 km squared

101
Q

what is the pop of the amazon rainforest

A

30 million people

102
Q

what percent of the amazon is in Brazil ?

A

70%

103
Q

what other countries is the amazon in ?

A

peru
ecuador
colombia

104
Q

what type of trees are in the amazon rainforest ?

A

tall, evergreen , hardwood trees

105
Q

what is the avg temp in manaus ?

A

26.5 degrees

106
Q

what is the max and min temp in manaus ?

A

31
23

107
Q

when is precip lowest and what month
trf

A

august
60mm

108
Q

when is precip highest and what mm ?

A

march
312mm

109
Q

what are the main flows in hte amazon water cycle ?

A

precip
evapotrans
run off

110
Q

what are the main stores in the amazon water cycle ?

A

groundwater
vegetation
amazon basin
rivers
atmos

111
Q

what do the high temps of the amazon rainforest help with ?

A

allow atmos to store large amount of moisture
relative humidity is also high

112
Q

what stimulates the primary productio of carbon ? trf

A

high temps, high rainfall and intense sunlight

113
Q

what is the NPP od the amazon rainforest ?

A

2500 g/m squared /year

114
Q

what percentge dpes th amazon account for all NPP in terrestrial ecosystems ?

A

15-25 %

115
Q

what heps the rapid decompositon of organic litter by bacteria / fungi ?

A

high temps and humid conditions

116
Q

what is the geology like in the amazon rainforest /

A

impermeable catchments
permeable and porous - limestone and sandstone

117
Q

why are limestone and sandstone good in amazon ?

A

store rain and slow run off

118
Q

what are the effects of impermeable catchments in the rainforest amazon ?

A

minimal storage capacity reulting in rapid run off

119
Q

what is the relief like in the amazon ?

A

most comprises extensive lowlands
west andes - steep catchments = rapid run off

120
Q

how does high temps all year impact the amazon ?

A

generate high rate of evapotranspiration

121
Q

how does convection impact the amazon ?

A

convection = strong = high atmospheric humidity = developemtn of thunderstorm clouds

122
Q

what happens if there is less trees in the amazon ? Not interception

A

less evapotranspiration = less precip

123
Q

what happens if run off speeds increased ?

A

flood risk increased

124
Q

what are the impacts of deforestation ?

A

reduced water storage in forest trrees , soils (eroded), permeable rocks (more rapid run off).

125
Q

how much carbon is locked up in trees amazon ?

A

100 billion tonnes

126
Q

how much tonnes of carbon is absorbed and released by trees a year ?

A

absorb 2.4 billion
release 1.7 billion

127
Q

what minerals are in the trf /

A

calcium
potassium
magnesium

128
Q

how does deforestatio reduce nutrients in the amazon ?

A

destroys main nutrient stroe (tree)
washed out soil by rainwater
no canopy layer = heavy rain 2 leach remaining nutriensts in soil
soil nutrient fertility level to become even lower

129
Q

why are rainforests impotant to protect ?

A

national + international important role regarding climate change
indiginous people - maintain their habitat and livelihoods

130
Q

what is the impact of deforestation on evapotranspiration ?

A

no evapotranspiration - little precip - no ground surface cover
then conditions are unfavourable for decomposers and plants to grow for the carbon cycle

131
Q

by 2030, how much of the rainforest are they committed o restoring ?

A

120,000km squared

132
Q

how much does amazon regional protected areas protect ?

A

cover an area 20 times the size of Belgium

133
Q

what is the parica project /

A

helps to develop 1000km squared commecrial timber plantation on government - owned , tropical hardwood seedlings , to mature over a period of 25 years

134
Q

who are the surui people ?

A

plant seedlings bread in local nurseries in deforested areas around their villages - UN’s reducing emissions from deforestation + degradation scheme provides payment to the tribe

135
Q

what are the positives of reforestation ?

A

habitats for animals return
H2o and carbon cycle return
increase in biodiversity
food source for indiginous surui people return

136
Q

what is diversification ?

A

soil fertility can be maintained by rotational cropping and combining livestock and arable operations

137
Q

what rae human engineered soils ?

A

creating ‘dark soils’ made from inputs of charcoal , waste and human manure - attracts microorganisms and fungi - allow soils to retain fertility long term

138
Q

how much deforestation happened in amazon fom 1970 to 2013 ?

A

averaged 17,500 km squared / year

139
Q

What happened in the Port Vehlo flood ?

A

river reached levels of 19.68 m above normal
60 people died, 68,000 farms evacuated

140
Q

hpw much bolivian rainforest was cleared between 2000 and 2012 ?

A

30,000 km squared for sustaiable farming and cattle ranching

141
Q

in an undisturbed forest how much carbon is absorbed fro trees ?

A

30.4 tonnes/ha/yr

142
Q

in ten years after deforestation how much carbon is absorbed by trees ?

A

12.3 tonnes/ha/yr

143
Q

how large is the artic tundra ?

A

8 million km squared
in canada, alaska and siberia

144
Q

when is the avg temp below freezing artic tundra ?

A

8 or 9 months a year

145
Q

how frozen is the ground ?

A

ground permanently frozen with only op layer thawing during summe

146
Q

what is the biodiversity of the artic tundra ?

A

low
apart from few dwarf species
the ecosystem is treeless

147
Q

what are conditions like in the southern areas of artic tundra ?

A

conditions less severed , vegetation - continuous ground cover

148
Q

what is the highest temp in Iqualit ?

A

16 degrees

149
Q

what is the lowest temp in Iqualit ?

A

-27 degrees

150
Q

when is the highest precip in Iqualit ?

A

july and august

151
Q

how much annual precip is in tundra ?

A

50-350 mm
mostly snow

152
Q

why is there limited transpiration in the tundra ?

A

sparseness of veg cover and short growing season

153
Q

why is there low evaporation in tundra ?

A

suns energy melts snow to gorund temps remain low + inhibit convection

154
Q

why is there limited groundwater and soil moisture stores in the tundra

A

permafrost - barrier to infiltration , percolation, recharge and groundwater flow

155
Q

how much carbon does the permafrost hold globally ?

A

1600 billion tonnes

156
Q

how does the permafrost hold so much carbon ?

A

accumulation due 2 low temps which slow decomposition of dead plant material

157
Q

what is the NPP of the tundra ?

A

less than 200 g/m squared/ year

158
Q

what is the tundra biomass ?

A

small - between 4-29 tonnes / ha depeding on density of veg cover

159
Q

what happens in summer in the tundra ?

A

activity of microorganisms ibcreases - releasing co2 to atmos than respiration

160
Q

what happens in winter in the tundra ?

A

process of unfrozen soil + h2o in permafrost act as a source of co2 + CH4

161
Q

why is snow cover important to the tundra ?

A

insulate microbial organisms and allow some decomposition to happen despite the low temps

162
Q

what are the physical factors that affect the tundra ?

A

temp
relief
rock permeabolity

163
Q

how does relief impact the tundra ?

A

minimal relief and chaotic glacial deposit impede drainage and contribute to water logging during summer months

164
Q

how does rock permeability impact the tundra ?

A

permeability is permafrost and the crystalline rocks which dominate the geology of the tundra in artic and sub arctic canada

165
Q

when was oil and gas discovered in prudhoe bay ?

A

1968

166
Q

what are the challenges for the oil and gas industry at prudhoe bay ?

A

harsh climate
low temps
long periods of darkness
poor accessibility

167
Q

why did production still go ahead there ?

A

driven by the US gov policy to reduce oil imports

168
Q

what happened in the 1970s-1980s (prudhoe)?

A

large facilties
pipes
power lines
roads BUILT

169
Q

what happened in the 1990s (north slope alaska)?

A

north slope accounted for nealry 1/4 of US domestic oil production

170
Q

how much us domestic oil production does the north slope account for ?

A

6%

171
Q

why has there been a decline in recent years at prudhoe bay ?

A

high production costs in north slope + massive growth of oil shale industry inSA

172
Q

in 1985 how many barrels of oil did north slope produce every day compared to USA ?

A

1,779,000
out of 8,971,000

173
Q

in 2014 how many barrels of oil did north slope produce every day compared to USA ?

A

479,000 out of 8,653,000

174
Q

what has distrupted the permafrost in tundra ?

A

constric5ion and operation of oil and gas installations
settlements and infrastructure diffuses heat into environment
dust deposition along roadside creating darkened snow surfaces - increases absorbance of sunlight
removal of vegetation cover which insulates pfrost

175
Q

what does pfrost melting release ?

A

co2 and methane

176
Q

how much co2 has been lost from the permafrost ?

A

vary from 7.40 million/tonnes/yr

177
Q

how does melting of permafrost affect the water cycle ?

A

increased run off and river discharge making flooding more likely
in summer - wetlands, ponds and lakes have become more extensive , increasing evaporation

178
Q

how does melting of pfrost impact the carbon cycle in tundra ?

A

thawing of soil - increased microbial activity , decompand emissions of co2

179
Q

what is the management stratey of insulated gravel and ice pads ?

A

prevents heat from above ground going into ground below
prevents pfrost melting

180
Q

what is the management of buildings and pipelines elevated on piles ?

A

allows cold air to circulate beneath heat generating infrastructure that could melt the permafrost , thus insulating it
stops heat from building melting the pfrost layer

181
Q

what are the positives of drilling laterally beyond drillinbg platforms ?

A

allow for oil and gas to be accessed km from the drilling site
they now go horizontally underneath the ground to find the oil , only one drilling site is now used

182
Q

why should you drill laterally beyond drilling platforms ?

A

fewer drilling sites needed so less veg is distrupted and pfrost is protected
impacts above ground is minimised

183
Q

why would you use refigerated supports ?

A

used on trans alaskan pipeline to stabilise temp of permafrost
doesnt warm the pfrost so it doesnt melt

184
Q

what are the positives of using powerful computers to detect oil and gas bearing geological structures remotely ?

A

fewer explration wells needed so environment is less distrupted
computers can now find sources of oil and gas easier
fewer infrastructure needed - fewer wells - less of an impact

185
Q

what are some ways in which the carbon cycle is being managed ?

A

wetland restoration
afforestation
agricultural practices
cap and trade
international agreements

186
Q

what are some wetland restoring methods?

A

reconnecting an area of land to a river
to remove the drains and allow those areas to flood and be saturated again

187
Q

how does urbanisation impact the carbon cycle ?

A

removal of vegetation and ots replacement with urban surfaces results in reduced amounts of organic carbon
developemt of factories - carbon emissions

188
Q

how does urbanisation impact the water cycle ?

A

drainage systems designed to remove surface water rapidly - increases run off
development on floodplains - reduced water storage capacity in drainage basins , increasing river flow and flood risks

189
Q

how does farming impact the water cycle ?

A

crop irrigation diverts surface water from rivers to cultivated land
interception of rainfall is less than in forest ecosystem s
less evaporation and transpiration from leaf surfaces
ploughing inreases evaporation and soil moisture loss

190
Q

how does farming impact the carbon cycle ?

A

soil carbon storage reduced by ploughing and exposure of soil organic matter by oxidation

191
Q

what are some changes to the water cycle due to forest management in plantations ?

A

higher rates of rainfall interception

192
Q

why do conifers have high rates of interception ?

A

needlie lie structure leaf
evergreen habit
high desnity of planting

193
Q

why is there increased evaporation due to forest managament in plantations ?

A

large proportion if intercepted rainfall is stored on leaf surfaces and is evaporated directly into atmos

194
Q

how does forestry increase carbon stores ?

A

forest rees extract co2 from atmos and sequester it for hundreds of years

195
Q

in a typical plantation in the UK how much carbon do mature forest trees contain ?

A

170-200 tonnes C/ha
(10 times higher than grassland)

196
Q

how much carbon is in uk forest soil ?

A

500 tonnes C/ha

197
Q

where is most of the carbon stored in a tree ?

A

wood of the tree stem

198
Q

where is River Kennet and what case study is it for ?

A

southern england
water extraction

199
Q

how much water does river kennet drain ?

A

area of around 1200 km squared in Wiltshire and Berkshire

200
Q

what does River Kennet supply water for ?

A

swindon - with pop of over 220,000
local industries, agriculture and public use

201
Q

how has water extraction from river kennet impacted the regional water cycle ?

A
  • rates of groundwater extraction have exceeded rates of recharge , and the falling water table has reduced flows in the River Kennet by 10-14 percent
202
Q

what is an aquifer ?

A

permeable or porous water bearing rocks such as Chalk and New Red Sandstone

203
Q

in 2019 , what percent of global energy consumption did fossil fuels account for /

A

84 percent (compared to 5 % renewables)

204
Q

how much co2 does fossil fuel consumption release annualy ?

A

10 billion tonnes

205
Q

what is CCS ?

A

carbon capture and storage

206
Q

explain the process of CCS ?

A

co2 is seperated from power station emissions
co2 is compressed and transported by pipeline to storage areas
finally - injected into porous rocks deep underground where its stored permanently

207
Q

in the UK where is a CCS pilot project underway ?

A

Peterhead - NE scotland

208
Q

what are the negatives of CCS ?

A

involved big capital costs
uses large anmount of energy
requires storage reservoirs with specific geological conditions

209
Q

what is positive feedback ?

A

occurs when an initial change causes further change

210
Q

what is a negative feedback ?

A

counters systems change and restores equilibrium

211
Q

what is a positive feedback in the water cycle ?

A

warmer - evaporation rates increases and atmos holds more vapour
reuslt is greater cloud cover and more precipitation
because water vapour is a greenhouse gas, more vapour in the atmosphere increases absorption of long wave radiation from the Earth, causing further rises in temp

212
Q

what can induce negative feedback in the water cycle ?

A

more atmospheric vapour can induce negative feedback

213
Q

what is the process of negative feedback in the water cycle ?

A

more vapour creates greater cloud cover which reflects more solar radiation back into space
as smaller amounts of solar radiation are absorbed by atmosphere , oceans and land, avg temps fall

214
Q

what are the diurnal changes within the water cycle ?

A

lower temps at night reduce evaporation and transpiration
convectional rainfall dependant on direct heating of the ground surface by the sun

215
Q

what are the diurnal changes to the carbon cycle ?

A

daytime - co2 flows from the atmosphereto vegetation
night- flux is reversed
withouth sunlight, photosynthesis switches off, and veg loses co2 to the atmosphere

216
Q

in the uk when does solar radiation intensity peaks ?

A

mid-june

217
Q

what has phytoplankton got to do with seasonal changes of carbon ?

A

phytoplankton are stimulated into photosynthetic activity by rising water temps , more intense sunlight and the lengthening photoperiod.

218
Q

what happens every year in the north atlantic ?

A

explosion of microscopic oceanic plant life which starts in March and peaks in mid summer. the resulting algal blooms are so extensive , they are visible from space .

Geography (21 decks)

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