Changing Spaces , Making Places KQ 3 Flashcards
what scales can inequality exist at ?
global
national
intra-urban
urban-rural
local
what factors make up the HDI ?
- income adjusted to take account of purchasing power in the country
- life expectancy at birth
-adult literacy rate - average number of years spent in school
what is 1 and 0 on the hdi ?
1 (most developed )
0 (least developed )
what is a high index ?
0.8 and above
what is a medium index ?
0.5 to 0.79
what is a low index >
less than 0.5
what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of income ?
gini coefficient
absolute poverty = US$1.25 PPP
below this a person cannot afford the purchase the minimum amount of food and non-food essentials
what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of housing ?
housing tenure
morgages
slums
squatter settlements
what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of education ?
% of females who do not attend secondary schools
literacy rate
formal and informal education
what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of health care ?
number of doctors per 1000
access to clean water
what can be used to measure social inequality in terms of employment ?
%self employed
%unemployed
in terms of wealth what is fundamental to social well being ?
ability to purchase goods and services
what three factors is low income linked to ?
ill health
lower educational attainment
poor access to services
what obstacles exist to reduce social inequality ?
lack of formal qualifications and low skill sets
what is disposable income ?
the proportion of a persons income that is left after essentials such as housing , food , clothing , heating and taxes have been paid
how can a person earn more , but not necessarily be better off ?
if a persons income rises , but increases in the cost of food , housing , clothes and fuel outstrip the additional income , thenm a person is a relatively less well off
What
What is social inequality ?
Unequal distribution of factors such as income , distribution , or health across a population
What is quality of life ?
The extent to which peoples needs and desires (social , physiological and physical are met )
What is spatial inequality ?
The unequal distribution of factors such as income , education or health across geographic space at any scale
What is standard of living ?
The ability to access services and goods
This includes basics such as food and water , clothes , housing and personal mobility
What are some physical factors which may affect quality of life and standard of living ?
Graffiti
Vandalism
Level of pollution
Litter
Open spaces
What are some economic factors which fluency quality of life and standard of living ?
Access to employment
Level of income
% on state benefits
% on free school meals
What are some political factors which influence quality of life and standard of living ?
Opportunity to participate in community life and influence decisions (e.g. voting )
What are some social factos which influence quality of life and standard of living ?
Quality of housing
Fear of crime
Standards of health and facilities
Access to leisure services
Standard of education
% on lone parent families
What is poverty ?
Not having enough money to support a decent standard of living
What is deprivation ?
When a persons well being falls below a generally regarded minimum
what are the stages of the cycle of poverty ?
Poverty - poor living - lll health - poor education - poor skills
What are the 7 domains of deprivation ?
Income
Employment
Education
Health
Crime
Barriers to housing and services
Living environment
How can the IMD be used ?
Comparing small areas across England
Identifying the most deprived small areas
Comparing larger areas (e.g. local authorities )
What are some factos which lead to a higher standard of living but a lower quality of life ?
Longer hours to work
Longer daily commute
Pollution
Migration away from friends and family
What is a Lorenz curve ?
Graphical representation of the distribution of income or wealth in society
What are the axes of a Lorenz curve ?
Y axis - cumulative share of income earned
X axis - cumulative share of people from the lowest to the highest income
How do you find out the gin i coefficient ?
Area between diagonal line and curve / total area of graph
What is the line of equality on a lorenz curve ?
45 degree straight line
(Slope of 1 which means it has perfect equality in income or wealth )
How can you interpret the gin I coefficient ?
Coefficient of 0 = perfect equality
Coefficient of 1 = perfect inequality
What are the limitations of a Lorenz curve ?
Life cycle stages
Individuals income changes throughout their lifetime
How can a small income affect the quality of housing that a person has t choose from ?
Smaller the income , the less choice of housing there is
Poor quality housing + overcrowded conditions often create ill health tho
In ACs , what external factor might also affect peoples choice of housing ?
Affordability
Why do people liv in slums in LIDCs and EDCs ?
Rapid urbanisation
The muncipal authorities are simply overwhelmed by the scale of demand and lack of resources to increase the supply of decent housing
What might low income earners have to resort to increasingly in ACs because of high rents/house prices ?
Homelessness
Squatting illegally in derelict of empty building
What are zero hours contract ?
Don’t have to work a specific number of hours per day
A irregular income
Why might people with irregular incomes find it difficult to find accommodation ?
Because cost of housing inflates at a faster rate than their wage
Who used to provide housing for low earners ?
Local authorities
When and why did housing for low earners decrease ?
Low cost social housing provided but since the 1980s the availability of this type of accommodation had decreased a lot
Why are there difficulties for people to find homes in some rural areas ?
Rise in second home owners
Migration of weathly people into villages in countryside
Give 4 factors that link ill health with deprivation ?
Sub standard housing
Poor diet
Unhealthy lifestyles
Additional stress of day to day living in poverty taking this toll on human health
Give 2 examples of situations whee there might be problems with access to medical services ?
Elderly - limited mobility
Living in rural - access difficult if you don’t own a car
What does postcode lottery mean ?
Depending on where you live the level of medical provision through the NHS varies
what does MDGs stand for and who put them in place ?
Millenium Development goals
Most governments
What was the MDG for education ?
Achieving universal primary education
Why do most governments invest in education ?
To raise standards of living and quality of life
Give 3 things that illiteracy excludes people from ?
Accessing education
Accessing skills training
Reduces employment opportunities
What parts of LIDCs suffer particularly from accessing basic education ?
Rural regions
Be far way from schools
Make kids work in farms
What is a core region ?
An area where economic activity is concentrated and living standards are relatively high
What is a periphery region ?
Less developed than core regions
Give three examples of periphery regions ?
Madagascar
Egypt
Russia
Give three examples of semi periphery regions ?
Brazil
Mexico
India
Give three examples of core regions ?
Australia
USA
Canada
