Disease Dilemmas Flashcards
What are infectious disease spread by ?
pathogens
such as
bacteria
virus
fungi
parasite
Can be transmitted from person to person
what are contagious diseases ?
class of infectious disease easily spread by direct or indirect contact between people.
Thye include bacterial diseases such as typhoid and plague and viral diseases like yellow fever and Ebola.
what are non-contagious diseases ?
malaria - spready by disease vectors such as mosquitos, worms and their larvae.
what are zoonotic diseases ?
infectious diseases such as rabies, plague and psittacosis, transmitted from animals to humans.
what are endemic diseases ?
they exist permanently in a geographical area or population group.
e.g. sleeping sickness , caused by parasite and confined to rural areas of sub-saharan africa
what is an epidemic ?
outbreak of disease that attacks many people at the same time and soreads through a popilation in a restricted geigraphical area,
such as ebola - west africa - march 2014
what is a pandemic ?
epidemic which spreads worldwide
what are degenerative diseases ?
cardio-vascular disease - heart attack and stroke
cancer and chronic respiratory disease
what type of disease is amalaria ?
infectious but non-contagious
where is malaria located ?
africa, latin america , south asia and southeast asia
in 2018 how many people were infected with malaria ?
220 million
How is HIV spread ?
by humans body fluids such as blood and semen
what is HIV ?
infectious and contagious disease
in 2020, 38 million people were infected with HIV worldwide
what is TB ?
infectious and highly coiatgious disease associated with poverty and overcrowded living conditions
what is diabetes ?
non-communicable disease caused by a deficenicy of insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
what is cardiovascular disease ?
covers a range of illnesses including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension and angina.
what are the diff types of disease diffusion ?
expansion diffusion, relocation diffusion, contagious diffusion, hierarchal diffusion.
what is expansion diffusion ?
disease has a source and spreads outwards into new areas.
Meanwhile, carriers in the source area remain infected.
what is an example of expansion diffusion ?
TB
what is relocation diffusion ?
when a disease leaves the area of origin and moves into new areas.
Cholera epidemic in 2010, which killed 7000 people.
what is contagious diffusion ?
spread of disease through direct contact with a carrier. Strongly influenced by distance
what is an example of contagious diffusion ?
ebola epidemic 2014/15
what is hierarchal diffusion ?
disease spreads through an ordered sequence of places, usually from the largest centres with the hgihest connectivity to smaller, more isolated centres.
what is the neighbourhood effect from hagerstrands diffusion model ?
probability of contat=ct between a carrier and non-carrier is determined by the number of people living in each 5x5 km grid square, and their distance apart.
in the epidemiological transition model, what is the ‘age of pestilence and famine’ stage ?
in pre industrial societies mortality is high and fluctuates from year to year.
Life expectancy is low and variable , averaging around 30 years
Poor sanitation, comnta,inated drinking water and low standards of living make people, especially young children, more susceptible to infectious diseases which dominate mortality
in the epidemiological transition model, what is the age of receding pandemics stage ?
industrial societies with advances in medical technology, diet and hygiene , and improvements in living standards, epidemics causing large scale mortality become rare.
in the epidemiological transition model, what is the in post-industrial societies stage ?
the rate of mortality slackens. Further improvements in medical technology , hygiene and living standrds mean that mortality related to infectious disease is rare.
Degenerative disease becom emain cause of detah
how does air pollution impact life expectancy in india ?
reduces average life expectancy of 660 million Indians by more than 3 years and that 99 per cent of India’s 1.2 billion people breathed plluted air above safe levels
what causes air pollution ?
emisiions of paticulates, nitrogen dioxide , sulphur dioxide and ozone . by motor vehciles, coal-burning power stations and factories.
