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Geography > ELSS KQ 1 > Flashcards

ELSS KQ 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evapotranspiración ?

A

Total amount of moisture removed by evaporation and transpiration from a vegetated land surface

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2
Q

What is interception ?

A

Process by which raindrops are prevented from falling directly onto the soil surface by the presence of a layer of vegetation

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3
Q

What is throughfall ?

A

The capacity of the plant surface may be exceeded and water will drip off the leaves and branches

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4
Q

What is stem flow ?

A

During prolonged or heavy rain, water will run along branches and down the trunk

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5
Q

What is throughflow ?

A

The transfer of water from the soil storage zone to the channel at a much slower rate than overland flow

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6
Q

What is percolation ?

A

The downward vertical movement of water within a soil

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7
Q

What is the groundwater flow ?

A

When the water is transferred slowly through the rock and into the bed of the river

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8
Q

What is ablation /

A

Melting of ice
Mainly during summer months and usually at the snout end of the glacier

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9
Q

Is the drainage basin an open or closed system ?

A

Open - water and matter can be inputted and outputted

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10
Q

What will deforestation increase the rate on in the hydrological cycle ?

A

Surface run off - soil = saturated sooner
Increase in I E O F because rain s no longer intercepted so intensity of rainfall increases

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11
Q

What will deforestation decrease the rate off in the hydrological cycle ?

A

Infiltration - soil will quickly become saturated
Interception - no leaves
Stem flow
Evapotranspiración
Throughfall
Leaf drip

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12
Q

What are the two types of overland flow ?

A

Infiltration excess and saturation excess

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13
Q

What is infiltration excess overland flow ?

A

When rainfall intensity is greater than the rate at which they soil can absorb rain (infiltration capacity )

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14
Q

What is saturation excess overland flow ?

A

When soil becomes saturated and there is no longer any space for water to infiltrates

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15
Q

Why is the earths atmosphere suitable to support life ?

A

Breathable
21% of air is oxygen
Small amount co2 - 0.04%
Its kept on the planet by the pull of gravity

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16
Q

what is co2 useful for in the environment ?

A

Useful 4 greenhouse effect

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17
Q

What percentage of the earths surface is covered in water ?

A

75

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18
Q

How much water is there in the earth ?

A

1.4 billion cubic kilometres

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19
Q

When did the water cycle begin ?

A

3.8 billion years ago

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20
Q

What percentage of our cells are made up of water ?

A

70

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21
Q

How much o earths water is stored in the oceans ?

A

97 percent

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22
Q

How much water is stored in the ice caps ?

A

1.7 percent

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23
Q

What percent of water is stored in the rivers , lakes and the ground ?

A

1.7

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24
Q

How much water vapour is stored in the atmosphere ?

A

0.0001 percent

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25
Q

Why is water needed for people ?

A

Generate electricity
Provide recreational facilities
Drinking water
Sewage disposal
Irrigate crops
Steel making
Paper making

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26
Q

Why is water needed for the earths climate ?

A

Moderates temp by absorbing heat
Water helps to create benign thermal conditions

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27
Q

Why is water needed for fauna (animals)?

A

Sweating
In fur covered mammals. Birds and reptiles , evaporative cooling is achieved by panting
Water is the medium used for all metabolic reactions in the body

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28
Q

Why is water needed for flora (flowers)?

A

Transpiration, respiration and photosynthesis
To maintain their rigidity
Transport mineral nutrients from the soil

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29
Q

Why is photosynthesis useful ?

A

Produces glucose and starch

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30
Q

why is respiration useful ?

A

Converts glucose - energy

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31
Q

Why is the earths atmosphere suitable for humans life ?

A

Breathable
Plenty of oxygen
Small amount of c02
Keep on the planet by the pull of gravity
Mars and mercury are too small to keep an atmosphere

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32
Q

How much oxygen makes up earths atmosphere /

A

21%

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33
Q

How much carbon dioxide makes up earths atmosphere ?

A

0.04%
Useful 4 greenhouse effect
Poisonous gas

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34
Q

Why is earths climate suitable for human life ?

A

Temp doesn’t go from one extreme to another
Mercury can go from anything from -200 degrees to +375 degrees

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35
Q

Why is earths light suitable for life ?

A

Plants need sun to grow through photosynthesis
Earth take 24 hours for it to spin on its axis (each side of the planet receives sunlight regularly )

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36
Q

Why is earths sun important for life ?

A

Receives perfect amount of heat and light to allow life to be created and supported
If su vanished , earth would float away

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37
Q

Why is earths water suitable for human life ?

A

Allows organic molecules to mix and form more complex structures
Earth is in the right zone for water to be liquid
Allows life providing molecules to move around easily

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38
Q

What is the lithosphere ?

A

The rigid outer part of the earth , consisting of the crust and upper mantle. Its divided into tectonic plates

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39
Q

What is the biosphere ?

A

The space at the earths surface and within the atmosphere occupied by living organisms

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40
Q

What is the hydrosphere ?

A

All the waters of the earths surface , such as lakes and seas

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41
Q

What is the cryosphere /

A

The frozen part of the earths surface , including the polar ice caps , continental ice sheets , glaciers , sea ice and permafrost

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42
Q

What is the atmosphere ?

A

The envelope of gases surrounding the planet

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43
Q

How many people die each year because of drought / dehydration / unsafe drinking water ?

A

1 million

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44
Q

What percentage of water on earth is safe for human consumption ?

A

3 percent

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45
Q

Why is two thirds of fresh water unavailable ?

A

Too salty and poisonous
Locked up in ice sheets and glaciers

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46
Q

How much rainfall do the wettest countries receive /

A

Over 3m per year

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47
Q

How much rainfall do the driest countries receive ?

A

Less than 6cm per year

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48
Q

What is water scarcity ?

A

Lack of sufficient water to meet the needs of everybody

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49
Q

what is water insecurity /

A

If the water has a poor quality , destroyed or damaged or polluted

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50
Q

What is water security ?

A

Plenty of safe water to meet everyone’s needs
Reliable supply

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51
Q

How does rainfall duration impact infiltration and overland flow ?

A

Longer the rain falls the more saturated the grown gets
Reduce infiltration rates
More overland flow

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52
Q

How does rainfall intensity affect rate of infiltration and overland flow ?

A

More overland flow because the rain will fall faster than it can be absorbed which will lead to infiltration excess overland flow

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53
Q

How does the angle of slope affect the rate of infiltration and overland flow ?

A

Force of gravity is stronger than the infiltration rate so less infiltration and more overland flow

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54
Q

How do brands surfaces affect the rate of infiltration and overland flow ?

A

Due to usage of concrete , less infiltration and higher level of overland flow in the form of IEFO
Bitumen (tarmac )and concrete possess non-porous impermeable properties

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55
Q

How does rock type / geology affect the rate of infiltration an overland flow ?

A

Increased amount of pores in the rock means increased infiltration as it is more permeable (decreases rate of overland flow )
Increased amount of pores in the rock menas a decreased amount of infiltration

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56
Q

What types of rock are impermeable ?

A

Granite
Slate

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57
Q

What are some permeable rock ?

A

Limestone

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58
Q

What is a porous rock ?

A

Sandstone
Lots of air pores

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59
Q

How does previous weather affect the rate of infiltration and overland flow ?

A

If its been wet the land is overly saturated so the water table rises and water can’t infiltrate and overland flow will increase (SEOF)
Dry land - so rain can’t infiltrate into the ground so more surface run off - (IEOF)

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60
Q

How do deciduous trees affect the rate of infiltration and overland flow ?

A

In the winter - less interception due to no leaves on trees
Saturio is faster and eventually more surface run off occurs
When soil is saturated , infiltration cannot occur

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61
Q

How does vegeatation in summer affect the rate of infiltration and overland flow ?

A

More leaves ,more interception , more throughfall , encourages infiltration , less overland flow

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62
Q

How do coniferous trees affect infiltration and overland flow ?

A

Have needles with a small surface areas
So less Interception
More saturation
More overland flow

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63
Q

What is water surplus ?

A

Occurs when precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration and streamflow . This will create saturated soil

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64
Q

What is water deficit ?

A

Occurs when precipitation is less than evapotranspiration and streamflow
This will create dry soil

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65
Q

During which months does water surplus occur ?

A

From December to May

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66
Q

Why does water surplus occur in these months ?

A

Precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration , will results in overland flow

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67
Q

What is soil utilisation ?

A

In summer potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation so plants and animals utilise water in the soil

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68
Q

Why does soil moisture utilisation occur in the summer months ?

A

Summer months = more leaves - so demand for water is higher
Hotter so more evapotranspiration

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69
Q

What is soil moisture recharge ?

A

In autumn , the water must be replaced
So little overland flow

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70
Q

What is field capacity ?

A

The amount of water that remains in the soil after draining all gravitational water
Thsi is because micro pores do not give up water easily

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71
Q

What i wilting point ?

A

The point that the plant can no longer extract water from the soil.
Micro pores always lose their water later , because they hold onto water with greater force

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72
Q

What is absolute humidity ?

A

Mass of water vapour in a given volume of air measured in grams per cubic metre

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73
Q

What is saturated air ?

A

At any given temp , there is a limit to the amount of moisture that the air can hold
When this limit is reached the air is saturated

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74
Q

What is relative humidity ?

A

Amount of water vapour in the air at a given temp expressed as a % of the maximum amount of vapour that the air could hold at that temp

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75
Q

What is dew point ?

A

Temp at which you will start to get condensation

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76
Q

If the relative humidity is 100 % then what will the air be ?

A

Saturated

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77
Q

What is the relative humidity for moist air ?

A

80-99 %

78
Q

If the relative humidity is below 50% then what is the air like ?

A

Dry

79
Q

What are the three types of fog ?

A

Radiation
Advection
Orographic/ frontal uplift

80
Q

When does radiation cooling (fog ) occur?

A

On calm , clear evenings

81
Q

What is radiation fog ?

A

The ground loses heat rapidly through terrestrial radiation and the air in contact with it is then cooled by conduction
If the air is moist , some vapour will condense to form a radiation fog

82
Q

What is advection cooling (fog)?

A

Results from warm , moist air moving over a cooler land or sea surface

83
Q

How are advection fogs in california and the Atacama desert formed ?

A

When warm air from the land drift over cold off shore ocean currents

84
Q

What is orographic // frontal uplift cooling (fog)?

A

Warm , moist air is forced to rise either as it crosses a mountain barrier or when it meets a colder,denser mass of air at a front

85
Q

As we go up through the troposphere what changes ?

A

Air pressure decreases
Temperature decreases

86
Q

What is Adiabatic expansion ?

A

Description of what happens to a parcel of air as it rises as air pressure decreases causing an increase in volume and a decease in temp

87
Q

When is the atmosphere said to be stable ?

A

When the parcel of air is the same temp or cooler than the surrounding air

88
Q

When is the atmosphere said to be unstable ?

A

When the parcel of air is warmer than its surroundings and rising air

89
Q

What is the dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate ?

A

Rate at which a parcel of dry air cools.
Cooling caused by Adiabatic explanation is approximately 10 degrees /km

90
Q

What is saturated Adiabatic lapse rate ?

A

Rate at which a saturated parcel fo air (one in which condensation is occurring ) cools as it rises through the atmosphere
Rate of cooling is slower - about 7 degrees /km

91
Q

What happens to a parcel of air that has been heated at the earths surface?

A

-atmospheric instability will occur
- DALR states that cooling caused by adiabatic expansion will be about 10 degrees for every 1km
- as it cools it will reach dew point
- condensation and cloud occurs
- latent heat is given off
- air is saturated with water and because of latent heat given off , the rising parcel of air continues to cool but at a slower rate of 7 degrees for every 1km
- air will continue to rise until it becomes the same temp as the surrounding air
-condensation will stop and mark the top of the cloud
- air cannot rise any further as it is the same temp as the suroundings.
-the atmosphere is now stabel

92
Q

what is atmospheric instability ?

A

parcel of warm air will rise due to convection
it is warmer than surroundings so will be less dense and buoyant

93
Q

what is dew point

A

temp at which a given concentration of water vapour in the air will begin to condense

94
Q

what is surface storage ?

A

water stroed on the surface layer of soil and grass

95
Q

what is soil moisture ?

A

water which has infiltrated into the soil and is being stored in soil pore spaces

96
Q

what is groundwater ?

A

water stored in the pore spaces in the rock

97
Q

what is interception?

A

water is captured by plants,especially leaves to prevent it from dripping on the soil

98
Q

what is percolation ?

A

water which flows through the soil down into the rock

99
Q

what is throughflow?

A

water which goes from the soil storage zone to the channel. slower than overland flow

100
Q

what percentage of global water is found in the atmosphere ?

A

0.001%

101
Q

what is the name of the lowest portion of the earths atmosphere ?

A

troposphere

102
Q

what is the average environment lapse rate ?

A

6 degrees for very 1000m in height

103
Q

what is relative humidity ?

A

the amount of water vapour in the air at a given temp expressed as a % of the maximum amount of vapour that the air could hold at that temp.

104
Q

how much of the atmosphere’s water vapour is found in the troposphere ?

A

99%

105
Q

whe relative humidity is said to be 50% the air is said to be ?

A

dry

106
Q

what is radiation cooling?

A

on a clear evening when air cools because it is in contact with very cold ground

107
Q

how is the earths atmosphere heated -

A

by conduction from the earths surface

108
Q

what is adiabatic cooling?

A

when air is cooled by reduction or pressure with height.

109
Q

when water vapour condenses it releases -

A

latent heat

110
Q

why might a ‘parcel’ of air rise?

A

a relatively warm parcel of air has a lower density than the cooler air surrounding it , therefore it will be positively bouyant and have a tendency to rise

111
Q

describe how temperate and pressure change as a parcel of air rises ?

A

temp decreases
air pressure decireases

112
Q

when do clouds stop forming ?

A

end of the release of latent heat through condensation processes.

113
Q

what is latent heat ?

A

jeat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapour withouth chnage of temp

114
Q

why is carbon useful for humans ?

A

plants use it for photosynthesis and therefore to grow
crude oil - plastics
cars
power : foosil fuels and coal

115
Q

which processes take carbon in from the atmosphere ?

A

photosynthesis
dissolving into the ocean

116
Q

which processes release carbon to the atmosphere ?

A

respiration
volcanic eruption
decomposition
deforeststaion

117
Q

which processes transfers carbon from the ocean to the lithospherem ?

A

sedimentation into rock

118
Q

is there any overlap between the carbon and water cycle ?

A

water is necessary for photosynthesis
ocean is an importat store for both of them

119
Q

what is carbon?

A

element that is found in organic or inorganic forms. it forms compounds by chemically binding to other compounds

120
Q

what is the formula for calcium cabronate ?

A

CaCO3

121
Q

what is the formula for methane ?

A

CH4

122
Q

what is carbon found in ?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, biomolecules and hydrocarbons

123
Q

how is most co2 formed ?

A

when carbonate rocks undergo metamorphosis. the co2 is released into the atmosphere through volcanic acitivty at the plate boundries and hot spots
once released carbon doesnt just stay in the atmosphere but ends up in other stores

124
Q

why is carbon found in all living things ?

A

all cells contain proteins, fat and carbohydrate molecules and these all contain carbon atoms

125
Q

what is the carbon cycle ?

A

movement of carbon between stroeswhat

126
Q

what is the conc of carbon in the atmosphere ?

A

<4 parts per 10,000

127
Q

why are green plants important ?

A

remove co2 in the atmosphere and they make complex molecules

128
Q

why are microorganisms important ?

A

put carbon compunds
decompose dead organic matter

129
Q

how is carbon released back into the atmopshere ?

A

burning wood and fossil fuels (combustion)
respiration in cells

130
Q

what is downwelling ?

A

sinking waters move about 37 units of carbon each year from shallow waters into the deep ocean

131
Q

what is respiration by decomposers ?

A

about 60 units of carbon per year are put into the atmopshere from the decomposition of dead plants

132
Q

what is sinking sea creatures ?

A

the sinking bodies of dead plankton move about 4 units of carbon to the deep ocean each year

133
Q

what is sedimentation ?

A

some sedimentts eventually become rocks . this process moves about 0.2 units of carbon per year

134
Q

what is plant respiration?

A

plants give out about 60 units of carbon per year in respiration

135
Q

what is dissolve and decay into oceans ?

A

some sediments dissolve in sea water. this dissolving , and the respiration and decay of organisms living about 0.4 units of carbon into the ocean each year

136
Q

what is volcanic eruptions ?

A

about 0.05 units of carbon are released from volcanoes each year, mainly in the form of carbon dioxide

137
Q

what is fossilisation ?

A

some dead plants become rocks . this process moves about 0.05 units of carbon per year

138
Q

what is photosynthesis ?

A

plants take in about 120 units of carbon per year for photosynthesis

139
Q

what is dissolve into oceans ?

A

about 90 units of carbon (in the form of co2) dissolve in the oceans each yera

140
Q

what is respiration from phytoplankton ?

A

abpout 90 unuts of carbon are relased in the form of co2 from the oceans each year

141
Q

what is sedimentation into rock ?

A

about 0.6 units of carbon are removed from the ocean each year when sediments form

142
Q

what is decomposition ?

A

dead plants contribute about 60 units of carbon per year to the soil

143
Q

what is upwelling ?

A

abpout 37 units of carbon are moved from the deep ocean to shallow waters each year

144
Q

what is weathering ?

A

the weathering of rocks releases about 0.2 units of carbon from the rocks each year

145
Q

what are the processes in the slow carbon cycle ?

A

dissolve into oceans
upwelling
downwelling
sinking sea creatures
sedimentation
dissolving and decay
sedimentation into rock
fossilisation
weathering
volcanic eruption

146
Q

what are the processes in the fast carbon cycle ?

A

photosyntheis s
plant respiration
decomposition
respiration by decomposers
respiration by phytoplankton

147
Q

where is carbon stored ?

A

soil
gases of the atmosphere
water from the hydrosphere
living organsims

148
Q

how long does it take for carbon atoms to move through the slow carbon cycle ?

A

100-200 million years

149
Q

why is rainfall slightly acidic ?

A

carbon dioxide combines with the water vapour to form carbonic acid

150
Q

what does acid rain do to rocks ?

A

reacts with minerals in the rock , causing chemical weathering

151
Q

how does carbon end up in the ocean ?

A

absorb carbon directly from the atmosphere
washed downstream into rivers, lakes and coeans

152
Q

what are the shells and skeletons of marine createures made of ?

A

CaCO3

153
Q

How do sea creatures turn into rocks ?

A

sink to bottom of sea floor and build up in layers
layers compact , sedimentation, turns into rock

154
Q

what is sequestration ?

A

if organic carbongets trapped in between the layers , it makes fossil fuels. Process by which carbon gas is removed from the atmosphere and stroed in liquid or solid form

155
Q

hwo does carbon sequestred in rocks eventually return to the atmosphere ?

A

volcanic eruptions at subduction zones at a destructive boundary

156
Q

how much carbon is released this way every year ?

A

200 million tonnes of Co2 a year by volcanic eruptions

157
Q

Name the acid formed when co2 dissolves in rainwater ?

A

weak carbonic acid

158
Q

why has acidity of ocean surface waters increased ?

A

rising concentrations of Co2 in the atmopshere , due to anthropogenic emissions , have increased the acidity of rainfall. This has contributed to increased aciidyt of ocean surface waters with potentially harmful effect on marine life

159
Q

how much carbon is transferred by weathering ?

A

0.3 billion tonnes

160
Q

what is weathering ?

A

the in situ breakdwon of rocks at or near the earths surface by chemical, physical and biological processes

161
Q

what is the carbonation equation?

A

CaCO3 +H2CO6= Ca(HCO3)2
(calcium carbomate + carbonic acid = calcium bicarbonate )

162
Q

where is carbonation most effective ?

A

beneat a soil cover bcos of the higher conc of co2 in the soil makes rainwater highly acidic

163
Q

between which stores does weathering transfer carbon ?

A

carbonation rleeases carbon from limestones to streams, river, oceans and the atmospherehat

164
Q

what is the evidence of weathering in yorkshire dales ?

A

effectiveness of solution weathering of limetons can be seen at Nowser brown in the dales

165
Q

how deos freeze thaw affect chemical weathering ?

A

increases the surface area exposed to chemical attacks

166
Q

describe the process of chelation ?

A

rainwater mixed with dead and decaying organic material on the soil forms humid acid which attack rock minerals.

167
Q

where is chelation important ?

A

in humid tropical environments where decomposition is rapid and forest trees provide abundant leaf litter

168
Q

why id chelation descirbed as biological weathering ?

A

involved dead and decaying organic material

169
Q

how much carbon moves through the fast carbon cycle each year ?

A

between 1,000 mand 100,000 tonnes

170
Q

what are some stores in the fast carbon cycle ?

A

above-ground carbon :
- stem
- branches
-foliage
below ground carbon :
- roots
-litter

171
Q

how many times faster is the fast carbon cycle than the slow carbon cycle ?

A

100 to 1000 times

172
Q

what doe plants profuce when they photosynthesise ?

A

carbohydrates like glucose oxygen as a by profuct

173
Q

what is released during decomposition ?

A

co2 and methane

174
Q

why is there so much carbon in peat5 ?

A

theres no oxygen
because they are waterlogged or saturated so theres no o2 for decomposition

175
Q

what could happen to peat bogs as the earth warms ?

A

could decompose microorganisms in the soil.
they coudl dry out- release more carbon or they could absorb more carbon

176
Q

between which stores does photosynthesis transfer between ?

A

Atmosphere to land to plants and phytoplankton - biosphere

177
Q

between which stores does resporation transfer between ?

A

biosphere - atmosphere

178
Q

between which stores does decomposition transfer between ?

A

co2 returend to atmosphere when living organisms die
biosphere - atmosphere

179
Q

between which stores does combustion transfer between

A

lithosphere/biosphere - atmosphere

180
Q

how does decomposition work ?

A

cells break down as a result of physical (wind and water) , chemical (leaching and oxidation) and biological (feeding and digestion) mmechanisms (carried out by bacteria)

181
Q

how does combustion work ?

A

hydrocarbon combustion takes place rapidly in the presence of oxygen and releases co2
- around 85 percent of global energy consumption is derived from coal , oil and gas fuels.

182
Q

how long does the slow carbon cycle take ?

A

150 million years

183
Q

where do surface oceans transport dissolved co2 ?

A

polewardswhat ha

184
Q

what happens to cooled ocean water ?

A

becomes more dense and sinks

185
Q

where in the world does downwelling occur ?

A

one of the places is the north Atlantic between Greenland and Iceland

186
Q

how long might carbon molecules remain in the deep ocean ?

A

centruries

187
Q

where does upwelling take place ?

A

left of south america and to the south of saudi arabia . its when carbon is transported back to the surface - some of the carbon may diffuse back out into the atmopshere

188
Q

what is the biological pump ?

A

1)phytoplankton fix co2 by photosynthesis 2)zoo plankton eat phytoplankton
3)zooplankton respire,release co2 and produce faecal pellets
4)carbon sinks deeper ocean in faecal pellets
5)below 100m zooplankton and bacteria eat sinking carbon and respire co2
4)carbon sinks to the deep ocean (deeper than 1000m) and may remain there for 1000s of years

189
Q

why is it so important that carbon is taken from the surface waters to the deep ocean ?

A

lower conc - more space for more co2 to dissolve in
locking it away in the oceans for centuries

190
Q

is the biological pump part of the slow or fast carbon cycel ?

A

both because photosynthesis and respiration are involved too

Geography (21 decks)

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