Global Migration Flashcards
economic migrants
people who move voluntarily from one country hoping to find jobs and have a better QOL
remittances
process by which a migrant send money to fam in home country
refugees
people who are forced to migrate from their home in fear of persecution / war
asylum seeker
someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognised as a refugee
what is the equation for pop change ?
(births-deaths)+_ international migration
what is the UN defintion for a long term migrant
perosn who moves to a country for at least a year
what is the UN definition for a short term migrant
moves to a country for at least 3 months but less than a year
how many polish imigrants are living in UK
0.83 milion
how many indian immigrants are living in the uk
0.83 million
how many pakistani immigrants are living in UK
0.54 million
how many uk emigrants are living in Australia ?
1.28 million
how many uk emigrants are living in USA ?
0.76 million
how many uk emigranst are living in canada ?
0.67 million
what are the main reasons for emigration ?
employment opportunities
retierement
family reuncification
how many tunisians arrived to italy by sea in 2019
594
how many pakistanis arrived in italy by sea in 2019
426
how many algerians arrived in italy by sea in 2019
271
what are some popular inter regional migration routes
algeria to france
morrocco to spain via north african territories of Ceuta and Mellila
what is inter regional trade
flow of international trade among major world regions such as Europe, North America and Asia
how many uk migrants live in poland
40,000
what are migrants from the EU top destinations
Germany , Uk and France
how many immigrants from other EU states did the UK recieve in 2015 ?
2,880,000
what is intra regional trade
flow of international trade within one of the major world regions such as Europe or Africa
what could be some intervening factors from lees migration model
costs, oceans , rivers , mountains, climate, health , transport, language barrier
what is the reason for an increase in migrants to the EY
Czech Republic, Estonia and Lativia joined in 2004
high proportion of working age - attracted by high wages in EU
what is the pattern with remittances
AC’s with higher HDI , migrangt remittances are lower % of GDP
However - LIDCS adn EDCS they represent a higher % of GDP so of more significanve to economy and development
what is the % of gdp (remittances ) and hdi of NEPAL
27.3%
0.579
(LIDC)
what is the % gdp (remittances ) and HDI of USA
0.03%
0.920
AC
what are the three main positive effect of migration
stanbility
economic growth
developmentn
whyy is stability a positive thing
remittances
returning migrants = aquired new skills and ideas = deomvcracy and equlity = peacemaking and conflict resolution
youthful migrant pop = balanced age structure and pop growht
why is economic growth positivie n?
GDP and tax base of host boosted
migrant stimulate local economies
fill skill gaps
what are the postivies of remittances
supplement household income
stimulate consumption
provide funds for local investement
stimulate local multiplier effect
why is development positive ?
skills and knowledge aquires
UN ‘mirant and development ‘ project between partner countries are involving families , local authroities and public and private service providers in effective ‘bottom up’ approaches to development
what are the main negative effects of mugration ?
inequalities
conflicts
in justices
why are inequalities bad ?
countries loose proportion of young, vibrant workforce
brain drain
remittances - inequality between those who receive and those who dont
why are conflicts bad ?
social conflict between communities and newcomers
pressure on services
international nroders can be places of conlfict for border control because of traffickers and illegal migrants.
why are injustices bad ?
vulnerbale to violation of human rights (froced labour , exploiattion of women and children )
bad treatement of asylum workers - detntion cnetres and poor sanitation
what are some inter regional migration examples ?
china , india - USA (graduates in science, maths, tech )
India, bangladesh, pakistan, egypt and phillipines - Gulf states (oil production)
what is ASEAN ?
Association of southeast asian nations
cooperates economically by lowering trade barriers, such as tarrifs to encourage commerce between member nations
what is female migration like ?
2013-
52% of migrants in developed countries were female
46% in developing
what is a south-south migration corridoor ?
Burkina Faso- Ivory Coast
Myanmar - Thailand
how many migrants do south - south
82.3 milion
how many migrants do south - north ?
81.9 million migrants
how many migrants do North - North ?
53.7 milion
how many migrants do north to south ?
13.7 milion
what are the main rewasons for soith to south migration ?
restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from the south attempting to enter the north
what is the GDP of Burkina Faso ?
US$820 per head
what is the GDP of Ivory Coast
US$ 1716 per head
what is ivory coast the world largest exporter of
cocoa
in 2018 how many ivory coasts lived in bf ?
243,776
how many bfs in ic in 2018
927,756
what makes ic attractive ?
employment opps in cocoa and coffee plantations
more fertile lands in ic
what is the myanmar - thailand corridoor
largest ASEAN corrdioor
Thailand need to resolve labour shortages in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing , construction and domestic services
what is the min wage in thailand ?
300 baht
ten times the one in myanmar
how many refugees are there in 2019
26.5 milliomn
what percent of refugees live in developing countries ?
85%
how many refugees are in lebanon
208.91 per 1000 residents
how many refugees are in jordan
89.55 per 1000 residents
how many refugees are in chad ?
30.97 per 1000 residents
how many asylum seeker applications were submitted in 2019 ?
16.2 million
what are the reasons of being a refugee ?
effects of conflict
political persecution
forced labour and modern slavery
natural hazards
how many pakistani people are living abroad ?
8 million
what percentage of pakistan emigrants are in Gulf Cooperation Countries ?
96%
in 2017 what did pakistans remittancces amopu8nt to ?
us$20 billion
what is pakistans national emigration policy for ?
promote emigration and safeguard migrants
what are the requirments of the pakistan national emigration policy
- promotion of the export of Pakistani manpower abroad
positive steps to encourgae female participation in overseas employment - establishments of training instiutions to help Pakistani youth in prep for working abroad
when did canada make changes ot tgheir immigration policy ?
2015
why did canada make an immigration polivy ?
it needs engineers, it specialists and health care workers
what is canadas immigration policy ?
potential migrants ranked on a 1200 points based system , enables young , high skilled to be fats tracked
they offered to take 10,000 syrian refugees over a period of three years in 2015
what is bilateral migration ?
migrant flow between two countries
what is the explanation of strong bilateral migranmt corridoors ?
- ease of access and communication between the 2 countries
- efficiency and cost of sedning remittances
- established diaspora communities and netwroks
- former colonial influences , such as language
where is brazil iin the world economies ?
7th largest economy
what is brazil struggling eith ?
declining birth rate and ageing population
what is the current pattern of immigration and emigration ?for Brazil
slowing of emigration of lower skilled economic migrants to USA
increased emigration of high skilled workers to Europe, Japan and USA
Influx of mugrants from Haiti
how has immigration slowed in Brazil ?
slowed in last 15 years
80,000 fewer immigrants living in Brazil than at start of 2000s
how many portuigese migrants are in Brazil ?
140,000
how many japanese migrants are in Brazil ?
50,000
how many Paraguay migrants are in Brazil ?
40,000
how many brazilian migrants are in USA ?
370,000
How many brazilian migrants are in japan ?
370,000
how many barzilian migrants are in Portugal ?
140,000
why do brazilians come to portugal ?
brazilk is former colony of portugal
protugese give sepcial status to Brazilian migrants
share language and ancestry
what is the friendship between USA and Brazil like ?
strong links in education and teacher training
negotiated agreements with Brazil regarding agriculture, trade, finance, education amd defence
what is the friendship between haiti and brazil like ?
attempts to escape political instability, unemployment , poverty,poor acces to education and the countrys appalling human rights record
can get a visa relatively easy in Brazil if your from haiti
what are the main impacts of migration for brazil ?
economic development
Political stability
social equality
explain more about economic development for brazil
immigration contributes to growth in agriculutre and manufacturing skills
highly skilled professionals = contribute to entreupeneurship and filling labour shortages
remittances = housing improvements, education
explain more about political stability for brazil ?
leading member of mercosur - trading bloc - where there is free flow of trade, capital and labour migration)
important member of G20 and OECD
receiver of environmental and political refugees
stable gov which accepts responsibility for their welfare
explain more about social equality for brazil ?
inequalities in housing provision , access to services , reductional attainment and income
discrimination in labour market against black and indiginous pops
in 2018 how many immigrants were in the USA ?
44.7 million (13.7 % of total pop)
what are some reasons to come to the US
positive immigration policy + possibility of obtaining a green card
employment for low and high skills
educational opps
how many us emigrants are there and where ?
4.8 million (2018)
Mexico, Canada, UK, Puerto Rico
how many permanent immigrants does th immigration + naturalisation act allow in the us yearly ?
675,000
what are some of the key feautures of the immigration and naturalisation act ?(us)
- Reuncification of fams (480,000 visas per year for family members)
- 140,000 visas for high skilled
- temp visas for humanitarian relief
what is the diversity immigration programme (us)?
50,000 visas - drawn by random selection , from countries with low rates of immigration to US
in 2018 , how many mexicans were living in US
38.5 million
in 2010 census how many americans in mexico ?
738,000
why do mexicans move to america ?
low skilled get jobs in agriculture and consutrcution
wages higher in us
what are the remittances from us like in mexico ?
US$25.2 billion in 2015 , 2.2% of Mexico GDP
what has there been political cooperation over between usa and mexico ?
border security
drug trade
human trafficking
water scarcity
what are the opportunities created by USA international mugration ?
take low paid jobs (services = 29%, production and transport 21%)
immigrants are consumers themselves which helps job creation and helps business start ups
why is the US immigration policy attractive ?
attracts high skilled workers
persons of extraordinary ability in arts, science , education, business, athletics
2018 - main employment of chinese and Indian was business and science
what are the challenges of international migration of USA ?
10.9 milloon unauthroised immigrants live in US
unevern progress of integration of immigrant groups into US society. - factors such as languageb , political participation and residential location affect this.
supply of resources and services have become an issue such as adding demand to water supply in southern california
what is the pop of Laos ?
6.8 million
what is the employment structure like in Laos ?
73% in agriculture
when did Laos become an ASEAN member >?
1997
where is Laos located ?
landlocked LIDC
south east asia
what are the main problems for Laos ?
human trafficking
net migration loss is high
how many emigrants are there from laos
1.29 million (mainly in thailand )
how many immigrants are in laos ?
20,000 (mainly from vietnam )
how many laos emigrants are in thailand ?
930,000
how many laos emigrants are in usa ?
200,000
how many laos emigrants are in bangladesh ?
90,000
how many vietnamese are living in laos /
10,000
how many chinese are living in laos ?
less than 10,000
what are the main reasons for leaving laos to thailand ?
farming in laos holds mo promise or financial gain or personal independance
insufficient land and periodic drought leads to food insecurity
what is the min wage of thailand compared to laos ?
thai - 300 baht
laos - 80 baht
how has migration from laos to thailand been made easier ?
familiarity with thai culture and language
improved access across mekong river
what is laos gov tryna do ?
national plan of action for human trafficki
what are the 3 ps in the national plan ?
prevention
protection
prosecution
explain more about prevention ?
awareness campaigns
education
child protection
explain more about protection
reparation and reintergration of returning migrants including shelters for women and counselling
explain more about prosecution ?
investigation of trafficking networks , training border officials, strengthening legal frameworks
what is the Laos Thailand Cooperation commitee ?
Thailand funded large health service development and drugs treatment centre in Laos
explain the bilateral corridoor of thailand - laos ?
dominated numerically by outward flow of laos people coming to thailand - they fill job shortages in construction, agriculture, fisheries, fatory work
work together as members of the Mekong Ruver commision to manage flooding
what are the opportunities created by laos migration ?
laos - thailand corridoor = largest one in ASEAN
helps trade, investment, development projects and security
vietnam involved in over 400 investement projects in Loas
22% of fams below pov libe (remittances help)
political stability improving between laos , thailand and vietnam
what are the challenges of migration in laos ?
most ,igrants = low skilled
many travle illegaly and vulnerabel to human trafficking , froced labour, exploitation
explain the Champasack united case study
liberian young footballers human trafficked to footie team In Laos
Kesselly Kamara (14) - never paid and had to sleep on floor of stadium
Fifa regulations prohibit the movement of players to a foreign club until they are 18
