human geo chapter 2 Flashcards
what was malthus’ principle of population
human population grows exponentially/geometrically
food production grows linearly/arithmetically
what happened in the late 1800s that caused the united states population growth rate to drop
less farms –> less workers/kids needed
more people living in cities –> less space
who was paul ehrlich
wrote the population bomb, said population was growing too fast
who was ester boserup
she had the conditions of agricultural growth theory
what was ester boserup saying with her conditions of agricultural growth theory
the opposite of malthus - more people = more farmers = more food
problems: assumes people want to farm, assumes amount/use of farmable land
do countries with the largest populations mean they are growing the fastest
no
what are the 3 most populous countries
- china 2. india 3. US
what do population pyramids do
show a breakdown of population by age and gender
what is an example of a place with a high old-age dependency ratio
sweden (more developed countries in general)
what challenges to countries with an older population face
more old people who need government services like pensions and have more health problems that they need covered and there are less young people working to build the tax revenue to support this
what is an example of a place with a high child-dependency ratio
Niger (undeveloped/developing countries)
what challenges do countries with a younger population face
rapid growing population, so they struggle to meet the basic needs of the people like food, water, shelter, and education. high infant mortality, rampant disease, poor health care
life expectancy
the average period that a person may expect to live
crude birth rate
number of live births per 1000 people
crude death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people
fertility rate
number of births per 1000 women aged 15-44
infant mortality rate
number of deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births
natural increase
crude birth rate-crude death rate
growth rate
percentage change of population within a certain time period
what is the demographic equation
total population = original population + births - deaths + immigration - emmigration
carrying capacity
the amount of people a country’s resources can support
cohort
a group of people banded together and treated as a group
demographic momentum
the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
demographic regions
Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in.
demographic transition model
transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
what characterizes a stage 1 country
high birth and death rates, low growth, farming, lots of children, poor medical care, lack of infrastructure/sanitation/family planning
what characterizes a stage 2 country
high birth rates and dropping birth rate, increasing growth, improvement in medical care/sanitation, improvements in agriculture leads to a steady food supply, development of cities, industrial revolution
examples of stage 2 countries
yemen, afghanistan, much of sub saharan africa
what characterizes a stage 3 country
birth rate drops and death rate continues to drop, population explosion, increase in family planning, people realize they don’t need to have as many children (crowding), urbanization (movement to cities), birth control, education (increased female literacy rate)
examples of a stage 3 country
egypt, mexico, vietnam
what characterizes a stage 4 country
lower/steady/decreasing growth, death rate levels off, birth rate drops, higher life expectancy, more/lots of food, good medical care/low rates of disease, education of women/women in the work force, women tend to wait to have kids
examples of stage 4
US, canada, australia
what characterizes a stage 5 country
negative growth rate, declining population, older population, fewer kids, fewer people in the work force
stage 5 examples
japan, germany
