Foundations - Ch 22 Sec 1 - Scientific Revolution

Question 1

What was the scientific revolution?

Answer 1

a new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

Question 2

What were the causes of the scientific revolution?

Answer 2

• exploration (navigation and astronomy) which led to technological advances
• the reformation
• people started questioning the old beliefs and coming up w/ new ideas
• medieval universities
• the renaissance (curiosity)

Question 3

what was the reformation

Answer 3

religious division between catholics and protestants

questioning of church authority

Question 4

what was the geocentric theory

Answer 4

the earth-centered view of the universe

Question 5

where did the geocentric theory come from

Answer 5

Aristotle, a greek philosopher

Question 6

who expanded on the geocentric theory

Answer 6

Ptolemy, a greek astronomer

Question 7

how did christianity contribute to the geocentric theory

Answer 7

it taught that God placed Earth in the center of the universe

Question 8

what is the heliocentric theory

Answer 8

the sun-centered view of the universe

Question 9

what didn’t the geocentric theory explain

Answer 9

the movements of the sun, moon, or planets

Question 10

who proposed the heliocentric theory?

Answer 10

Copernicus

Question 11

what did Copernicus reason

Answer 11

that the stars, earth, and planets revolve around the sun

Question 12

what couldn’t Copernicus explain

Answer 12

the planet’s orbits

Question 13

What did Brahe do

Answer 13

built on Copernicus’ findings and recorded the movements of the planets

Question 14

what did Kepler do

Answer 14

continued Brahe’s work and concluded that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
demonstrated mathematically that planets revolve around the sun

Question 15

why didn’t the church like the heliocentric theory

Answer 15

it disagreed with Scripture and they didn’t want people to start questioning their authority

Question 16

what is the scientific method

Answer 16

logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

Question 17

who developed the modern scientific method

Answer 17

Bacon and Descartes

Question 18

what did Bacon do

Answer 18

urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions and not rely on the ancient beliefs and studies

Question 19

were Bacon and Descartes even really scientists?

Answer 19

no, Bacon was a writer and Descartes was a mathematician. They were both just interested in Science

Question 20

what did Descartes do

Answer 20

developed analytical geometry, which provided a new tool for scientific research
also believed that scientists needed to reject the ancient teachings but instead of experimentation, he relied on math and logic to gather information

Question 21

what was the difference in Bacon’s and Descartes’ thinking?

Answer 21

Bacon thought you should experiment to gather info, Descartes thought you should use math and logic

Question 22

What is the modern SM

Answer 22

1. state a problem
2. gather information (observations)
3. state hypothesis
4. experiment to test hypothesis
5. record and analyze data
6. state conclusion
7. repeat

Question 23

how did scientists react to the scientific revolution

Answer 23

a lot of them were happy because they were finally able to have a voice and discover new things about the universe, which is what scientists like to do

Question 24

how did the church react to the scientific revolution

Answer 24

the church was very angry about the scientific revolution because a lot of it challenged their beliefs. The church was all about having power, and they thought if people started questioning them and thinking for themselves, they wouldn’t have as much power over them

Question 25

what did Galileo do that started his stuff

Answer 25

built on the new theories about astronomy by making his own telescope and used it to study the sky

Question 26

what did Galileo’s book “Starry Messenger” do

Answer 26

shattered Aristotle’s theory that the moon and stars are made of pure, perfect substance
showed that he supported the theories of Copernicus

Question 27

why did Galileo’s findings frighten the church

Answer 27

they didn’t want people to question the church

Question 28

what did the church do to Galileo for his beliefs

Answer 28

under threat of torture, he was made to read a signed confession that said Copernicus was false and they put him under house arrest for the remainder of his life

Question 29

what did the church finally do in 1992

Answer 29

acknowledged that Galileo had been right

Question 30

what did Newton do

Answer 30

brought together the breakthroughs of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion

Question 31

what was Newton’s law of universal gravitation

Answer 31

every object in the universe attracts to every other object

Question 32

what did Newton’s “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” do

Answer 32

described the universe like a giant clock where all parts worked together in mathematical ways

Question 33

what is a revolution

Answer 33

a sudden, extreme wide reaching change in the way people live
people working together for a common cause

Question 34

what were major effects of the scientific revolutions

Answer 34

led to huge discoveries
gave more power to the common citizen
led to the enlightenment
Led to the scientific method
Created the scientific community, they shared their findings w each other

Question 35

before the scientific revolution, what had been two sources of scientific knowledge

Answer 35

the Bible/scripture

Greek philosophers, like Aristotle

Question 36

what did medieval science have a strong emphasis on

Answer 36

tradition and dogma