Apush chapter 8 Flashcards
Shay’s Rebellion date
August 29, 1786
what was the inflation in the revolution caused by
shortage of goods
demand for supplies
flood of paper currency
what did the inflation in the revolution lead to
an economic depression
what contributed to the economic depression
the trade deficit w britain (importing way more from them than we were exporting to them)
commercial banks insisted on the repayment of old loans
debt incurred by the revolution
what was the problem the confederation congress faced when when trying to pay off the revolutionary war debts
they had to tax, but they couldn’t raise taxes on their own, so they requisitioned the states, and the states in turn taxed their residents
how did the economic problem become a political problem
there was almost no money in circulation, so ordinary Americans feared being crushed by the burden of private debt and public taxes
how did some states attempt to relieve the burden on debtors and ordinary tax payers
- by requiring creditors to accept a state’s paper currency at face value rather than depreciated market value for all debts
- some states erected high tariff barriers to curb imports and protect domestic industries, but this didn’t work bc shippers could just go through other states; **to be effective, commercial regulation had to be national
what did Shays’ rebellion convince conservatives of
the necessity of strengthening the national government
why did the delegates at the Annapolis convention want to revisit/revise the Articles
bc they wanted more power in the national government bc they were afraid of more Shays’ rebellions and bc they were all upper class and they believed that the consolidation of power in a strong central government would better serve them as members of the upper class
why were the men at the constitutional convention not democrats
bc they believed the country had suffered from too much democracy and that ordinary people, if given too much power, would enact policies against the privileged classes
what did the compromises in the constitution ensure
a balance of power in congress
what was the Great Compromise a response to
the inability of the delegates at the CC to agree on the Virginia plan or the NJ plan
what were the 3 big compromises
Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise, and Commercial Compromise
What was Madison’s council of revision from the VA plan scratched in favor of
a strong federal judiciary
why was the electoral college created
because they wanted to the president to be elected in order to stay away from becoming a monarchy but they didn’t believe that ordinary voters could be sufficiently informed to select wisely
why were anti-federalists critical of the constitution
they believed it granted far too much power to the central gov, weakening the autonomy of local communities and states
what 3 states were left with the option to join the union after the constitution was ratified
NY, VA, and NC
why did NY join
NYC threatened to secede and join separately if they didn’t
why did VA join
the promise of a bill of rights to protect the people from the potential abuses of the federal government
why did VA join
the promise of a bill of rights to protect the people from the potential abuses of the federal government
what are some amendments
freedom of religion/assembly
freedom of speech, press, and to petition
right to bear arms
gov couldn’t quarter troops in private homes
gov couldn’t do unreasonable search and seizures
no double jeopardy
don’t have to testify against yourself
right to due process of law before life, liberty, or property could be taken away
unenumerated rights are protected and powers not delegated to the federal gov are reserved to the states
how was Washington kind of contradictory
not really a man of the people, rode about town in a grand horse-drawn carriage, delivered his addresses personally to congress and received official replies from both BUT he worked hard to adhere to the letter of the constitution (i.e. refusing to use his veto power except where he thought congress had acted unconstitutionally) and consulted with the men in his cabinet regularly; understood the importance of national unity
what provided the momentum for the new constitution
the economic crisis and the resulting unrest in episodes like Shays’ rebellion
briefly explain hamilton’s report on public credit
- The united states had to pay back the full value what they owed to foreign and domestic creditors
- assumption of the state debts accumulated during the previous 15 years
- proposed issuing new interest-bearing government bonds that would be exchanged for the full face value of all the notes, warrants, and securities the government had distributed during the revolution
briefly explain hamilton’s report on public credit
- federal redemption at full value of the national debt owed to foreign and domestic creditors
- assumption of the obligations accumulated by the states during the previous 15 years
- proposed issuing new interest-bearing government bonds that would be exchanged for the full face value of all the notes, warrants, and securities the government had distributed during the revolution
how was Hamilton’s credit program adopted
a compromise - the south voted it in if they got to have the nation’s capital in DC
briefly explain Hamilton’s national bank
- public corporation funded by private capital
- serve as the depository of government funds and the fiscal agent of the treasury
briefly explain Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures
-involved the use of government securities as investment capital “infant industries” (young businesses) and high protective tariffs to encourage the development of an industrial economy
why did congressmen from farming areas not support Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures
they argued his views would limit them to playing the same roles they had played in the British empire
what was a big problem with Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures
plan failed to inspire the enthusiasm of american capitalists who were more interested in investments in shipping than industrial production
how did hamilton/federalists think the US should chart in international waters
believed in the necessity of an accommodation with GB , their most important trading partner
how did Jefferson/Madison think the US should chart in international waters
looked for more international independence, less connection with the british, and closer relationship with france
what was good about the intercourse act
said land could only be exchanged through legal treaties
gave them access to manufactured goods at reasonable prices
showed that the US had good intentions and was trying to be helpful
what was bad about the intercourse act
hard to enforce, the federal gov was unable to control the flood of settlers, indian land was taken by settlers anyway
even with the treaties, they were losing land that was theirs to begin with
what was the contradiction at the heart of the federal governments indian policy
they promised to treat them with respect and not take their land without their consent but because of their desire for westward expansion, they still treated the natives as a conquered people and took their land
“we acknowledge the Americans as brothers, yet we seize their lands”
briefly explain spain’s anti-american policy in the west
controlled both sides of the Mississippi and closed the river to american shipping, making it impossible for western american farmers to market their crops through the port of New Orleans
tried to create a barrier to American settlement by promoting immigration to Louisiana and florida
how did Britain try to create a buffer for American expansion
supplied arms to indian nations
what 3 things could the federal gov not do in the west
subdue the indians, eliminate British from the northern fur trade, or arrange with the spanish for unencumbered use of the Mississippi
what was the big reason Jay and Pickney’s treaties were important
granted American sovereignty over the west
was John Jay’s treaty popular among the people
no, but it was passed because senate was mostly Hamilton supporters
what did Washington’s mobilization of federal military power in response to the whiskey rebellion demonstrate
washington’s commitment to the preservation of the Union, the protection of the western boundaries, and the supremacy of the national over the local community
when did coalitions first begin to polarize into political factions
after Jay’s treaty
what challenge did Adams’ face as president
he was facing political opposition led by his own VP
why did the XYZ affair send Adams’ popularity soaring
bc it sparked a lot of anti-french sentiment, which is something the federalists supported
when was the first time the DR began to act as a genuine opposition party
the quasi-war with france
what was the effect of Adams settling the conflict with the french
he considered it one of the greatest accomplishments of his career, but it earned him the scorn of conservative federalists including Hamilton
what was so special about the presidential campaign of 1800
first to be contested by 2 disciplined political parties
what were the lasting effects of the presidential campaign of 1800
shifted the power in the gov from federalists to DR
led tot he 12th amendment
what were 2 effects of the rise of partisan politics
transformation in popular political participation
increase in suffrage (not many people could vote and voter turnout was low)
basically growth of popular interest in politics
what was the vast amount of newspapers in the US a reflection of
the super high literacy rate of the american people
how was the press significant
during the political controversy of the 1790s, the press became the principle medium of federalist and DR opinion
who wrote the Federalist Gazette of the United States
John Fenno, aided by Hamilton
who wrote the national gazette
Phillip Freneau, encouraged by Jefferson
what was one lasting effect of the Jefferson presidency
the alien and sedition acts were allowed to expire
who wrote ‘an essay on liberty of the press”
george Hay
who wrote “letters from an american farmer”
Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur
who wrote “the discovery, Settlement, and present state of kentucky” (which wrote about daniel boone and created the literary genre the western)
John Filson
what was the effect of “Life of washington”
he was presented as a unifying figure for the political culture of the new nation, and that was the way he would be remembered despite being a partisan leader
what was the effect of “Life of washington”
he was presented as a unifying figure for the political culture of the new nation, and that was the way he would be remembered despite being a partisan leader
what was one of the most interesting literary trends of the 1790s
growing demand for books appealing to women readers
what changed in the young republic for women
joined boys in common schools
women became writers and readers
some writers argued that women should have new roles
many people believed the time had come for women to be better educated
who wrote “charlotte temple”
susanna haswell rowson
who wrote “the coquette”
hanna webster foster
who was the first avowed feminist in American history and what did she write
Judith Sargent Murray, “On the equality of the sexes”
