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History > human geo ch 5-6 > Flashcards

human geo ch 5-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is gender

A

a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.

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2
Q

what is one of the clearest ways in which society’s are gendered

A

labor divisions

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3
Q

what is identity

A

how we make sense of ourselves

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4
Q

how do we construct our own identities

A

through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections

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5
Q

how are racial categories reinforced in the US

A

residential segregation, radicalized divisions of labor, and the categories of races recorded by the US Census Bureau

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6
Q

what is residential segregation

A

the degree to which 2 or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment

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7
Q

what are the 5 types of segregation outlined by Massey and Denton

A

evenness, exposure, concentrated, centralized, and clustered

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8
Q

what is succession

A

when new immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas that are being gradually abandoned by older immigrant groups

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9
Q

what is ethnicity

A

the idea that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time

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10
Q

what is space

A

social relations stretched out

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11
Q

what is place

A

particular articulations of the social relations of space as they have come together over time in that particular location

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12
Q

what effects gender roles in society

A

religion
media
history, tradition
cultural customs

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13
Q

what is race

A

constructed identity

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14
Q

how has the identification and use of race impacted the distribution of people in countries

A

Where people live
Residential segregation → groups (racial or ethnic) living separately from one another (intentional or forced)
Types of services

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15
Q

what is ethnicity

A

the idea that certain people are tied to a place over time; show cultural traditions of a hearth (ethnic homeland)

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16
Q

how can ethnicity be diluted

A

Pop culture (globalization)
assimilation/acculturation
Cultural appropriation
Ethnocentrism → the belief that one ethnicity is superior

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17
Q

what is an ethnic enclave

A

neighborhoods that share distinct cultural traits or ethnicities

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18
Q

what is ethnic cleansing

A

when a more powerful ethnic group tries to create a homogenous society by eliminating other groups

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19
Q

what are centrifugal forces

A

forces that push countries apart (many languages, ethnic groups that are in conflict)

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20
Q

what are centripetal forces

A

forces that bring a country together

ex: Nationalism, common language or religion

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21
Q

why are there sometimes hostile relationships/ethnic conflict between ethnic groups

A

Political power
Resources
Control of land (trade routes, borders, etc)

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22
Q

what is mutual intelligibility

A

2 people can understand each other when speaking

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23
Q

why is mutual intelligibility not a good criteria to base language on

A

its nearly impossible to measure

some languages are recognized as separate but are mutually intelligible

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24
Q

what is a standard language

A

one that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught

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25
Q

what is a dialect

A

variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

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26
Q

why do geographers study language

A

Tells us about cultures
-Can tell if people share cultural identities
–US and Britain → must be a connection there
Way that most commonly culture is passed on and the reason why we see cultures change from one generation to another
Language is one of the identifying elements that tells us were in a new place

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27
Q

what is an isogloss

A

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature

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28
Q

what are dialect chains

A

the idea that dialects nearest each other ill be the most similar, but as you travel across space the dialects become less intelligible to each other because less interaction occurs

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29
Q

what is a language family

A

within a language family, the languages have a shared but fairly distant origin
broken up into sub-familes

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30
Q

what is a subfamily

A

divisions within a language family where the divisions are more definite and the origins are more recent

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31
Q

what is a sound shift

A

a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin

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32
Q

what is backward reconstruction

A

tracks sound shifts and hardening of consonants “backward” towards the original language

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33
Q

what is deep reconstruction

A

attempting to recreate the language that preceded an extinct language

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34
Q

what is language divergence

A

when spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down and the language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues

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35
Q

what is language convergence

A

can take place when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and the 2 languages can collapse into one

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36
Q

what is the conquest theory

A

holds that early speakers of Proto-indo-european spread from west to east on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues

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37
Q

what is the dispersal hypothesis

A

holds that the indo-european languages that arose from photo-indo-european were first carried eastward into southwest asia, next around the caspian sea, and then across the russian-ukranian plains and on into the balkans

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38
Q

what are the sub-families of the indo-european language family

A

romance, germanic, slavic, indic, celtic, ironic

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39
Q

what is a pidgin language

A

results when different linguistic groups come into contact

serves the purpose of commerce

40
Q

what is an example of a pidgin language

A

spanglish

41
Q

what is a country that has a pidgin language for its official language

A

papua new guinea

42
Q

what is a lingua franca

A

language that spreads over a wide area where it is not the mother tongue; mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

43
Q

what is the lingua franca of the world

A

english

44
Q

what are the 2 official languages of Kenya and what is their function

A

english and swahili

they function as lingua franca and facilitate communication among Bantu, Nilotic, and Cushitic language speakers

45
Q

what is a cluster of isoglosses called

A

a bundle; serves as the most satisfactory dividing lines among dialects and languages

46
Q

what are the 3 major dialects in the US

A

northern, southern, and midland

47
Q

what do american dialects suggest about our culture

A

we are not becoming a more national culture by overwhelming regional cultures

48
Q

what is the renfrew hypothesis

A

civilizations started in the fertile crescent and people moved in diff directions and from these we have our language families

49
Q

where were the earliest speakers of indo-european from

A

southern and southeastern turkey 8 or 9 thousand years ago

50
Q

describe indo-european diffusion

A

Diffused west and north into Europe and represented expansion of farming people at expense of hunters and gatherers
also occurred with the spread of great political empires, especially Latin, English, and Russian

51
Q

where is the presumed hearth of the austronesian language fam

A

the interior of Southeast Asia 5,000 years ago

52
Q

describe austronesian diffusion

A

remarkable, Initially spread southward into the Malay Peninsula, people sailed in tiny boats across the. uncharted vast seas to New Zealand, Easter Island, Hawaii, and Madagascar, Occupy hundreds of Pacific islands in a triangular-shaped realm, Used outrigger canoes, Went against prevailing winds into a new hemisphere with different navigational stars, No humans had previously found the isolated Hawaiian Islands, Sailors had no way of knowing that land existed in the area

53
Q

what is nostratic

A

ancestral speech of the Middle East 12,000 to 20,000 years ago

54
Q

where is it believed the original language hearth arose from

A

africa 250,000 years ago

55
Q

what are the 2 major divisions of the afro-asiatic family

A

Semitic and Hamitic

56
Q

what is the most widespread semiotic language

A

arabic

57
Q

which language has the largest number of native speakers

A

arabic

58
Q

what is are two more semitic languages besides arabic

A

hebrew and amharic

59
Q

where is the indo european family spoken

A

on all continents, dominant in Europe, Russia, North and South America, Australia, and parts of southwestern Asia and India

60
Q

where is emetic (part of the afro-asiatic) spoken

A

northern africa to the atlantic coast

61
Q

what is the lingua franca of east africa

A

Swahili

62
Q

where is the Niger-Congo family spoken

A

subsaharan africa

63
Q

where is the altaic language family spoken

A

Homeland lies largely in deserts, tundras, and coniferous forests of northern and central Asia

64
Q

what are some subgroups in the altaic language family

A

turkic, mongolic

65
Q

what is a subgroup of the afro-asiatic family

A

bantu

66
Q

where is the urlic family mostly spoken

A

finland and hungary

67
Q

what are the two most important subgroups of urlic

A

Finnish and hungarian

68
Q

what is the range of the austronesian family

A

Madagascar, through Indonesia and the Pacific Islands, to Hawaii and Easter Island; longitudinally spans halfway across the world

69
Q

what is the largest single language in the austronesian family

A

indonesian

70
Q

what is the most widespread language in the austronesian family

A

polynesian

71
Q

where is the sino-tibetan language family

A

Extends throughout most of China and Southeast Asia

72
Q

what is the mother tongue in the sino-tibetan family

A

han chinese –> also the official form of speech in china

73
Q

what does the japanese/korean family seem to have kinship with

A

Altaic and Austronesian

74
Q

where is the austro-asiatic language family found

A

Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and spoken by some tribal people of Malaya and parts of India

75
Q

what has the austro-asiatic language family been encroached upon

A

Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European, and Austronesian

76
Q

what language is spoken on the borderland between Spain and France and is unrelated to any other language in the world

A

basque

77
Q

what language family is found in the Kalahari Desert of southwestern Africa and characterized by clicking sounds

A

Khoisan

78
Q

what language family is spoken by numerous darker-skinned people of southern India and northern Sri Lanka

A

dravidian

79
Q

what are examples of refuge languages

A

Papuan, Caucasic, Nilo-Saharan, Paleosiberian, Inukitut, and a variety of Amerindian

80
Q

what are shatter belts

A

areas where diverse languages are spoken

81
Q

how does the environment affect vocabulary

A

the language of a certain place will become rich in words to describe things that have a lot of
ex: Spanish language derived from Castile –> Rich in words describing rough terrain Distinguishes subtle differences in shape and configuration of mountains
Scottish Gaelic –> Describes types of rough terrain, Common attribute spoken by hill people
Romanian tongue –> Also from a region of rugged terrain
English –> Developed in wet coastal plains - Abounds with words describing flowing streams –> Rural American South—river, creek, branch, fork, prong, run, bayou, and slough

82
Q

how does the environment provide refuge for languages

A

Provide outnumbered linguistic groups refuge from aggressive neighbors
Unpleasant environments rarely attract conquerors

83
Q

what are linguistic refuge areas

A

Rugged bill and mountain areas
Excessively cold or dry climates
Impenetrable forests and remote islands
Extensive marshes and swamps

84
Q

what are the romance languages

A

french, spanish, italian, romanian, and portugese

85
Q

what are the germanic languages

A

english, german, danish, norwegian, swedish

86
Q

what are the slavic languages

A

russian, polish, czech, slovak, ukranian, slovenian, serbo-croatian, bulgarian

87
Q

why do similarities among the bantu languages mean the languages have been in sub-saharan africa for a shorter time

A

typically, the longer a language has been in a place, there likely the sounds will have shifted and the languages splintered

88
Q

what is a creole language

A

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people

89
Q

why is no country truly monolingual today

A

bc of migration and diffusion

90
Q

how do vocabularies develop with respect to the environment

A

for features of the environment that involve livelihood

91
Q

real-world examples of linguistic refuge areas

A

alps, himalayas, and highlands of mexico are linguistic shatter belts
american indian tongue Quechua clings to a refuge in the Andes Mountains of South America
Tundra climates of the far north have sheltered certain Uralic, Altaic, and Inukitut (Eskimo) speakers

92
Q

what are switzerland’s 4 national languages

A

french, german, italian, and romansch

93
Q

how has the romansch language survived in switzerland

A

it has survived in the alpine linguistic refuge of the upper Rhine and Inn Rivers

94
Q

why is environmental isolation no longer the linguistic force it once was

A

Inhospitable lands and islands are reachable by airplanes
Marshes and forests are being drained and cleared by farmers
The world is interactive

95
Q

how does the environment guide migration

A

Migrants were often attracted to new lands that seemed environmentally similar to their homelands
Environmental barriers and natural routeways guided linguistic groups along certain paths

96
Q

what are examples of how mountain barriers serve as linguistic borders

A

In part of the Alps, speakers of German and Italian live on opposite sides of a major ridge
Portions of mountain rim along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent form the border between Semitic and Indo-European tongues

97
Q

when are language borders typically stable vs unstable

A

Linguistic borders that follow such physical features tend to be stable vs Language borders that cross plains and major routes of communication are frequently unstable

History (19 decks)

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