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History > human geo ch 5-6 > Flashcards

human geo ch 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is gender

A

a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.

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2
Q

what is one of the clearest ways in which society’s are gendered

A

labor divisions

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3
Q

what is identity

A

how we make sense of ourselves

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4
Q

how do we construct our own identities

A

through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections

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5
Q

how are racial categories reinforced in the US

A

residential segregation, radicalized divisions of labor, and the categories of races recorded by the US Census Bureau

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6
Q

what is residential segregation

A

the degree to which 2 or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment

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7
Q

what are the 5 types of segregation outlined by Massey and Denton

A

evenness, exposure, concentrated, centralized, and clustered

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8
Q

what is succession

A

when new immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas that are being gradually abandoned by older immigrant groups

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9
Q

what is ethnicity

A

the idea that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time

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10
Q

what is space

A

social relations stretched out

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11
Q

what is place

A

particular articulations of the social relations of space as they have come together over time in that particular location

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12
Q

what effects gender roles in society

A

religion
media
history, tradition
cultural customs

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13
Q

what is race

A

constructed identity

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14
Q

how has the identification and use of race impacted the distribution of people in countries

A

Where people live
Residential segregation → groups (racial or ethnic) living separately from one another (intentional or forced)
Types of services

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15
Q

what is ethnicity

A

the idea that certain people are tied to a place over time; show cultural traditions of a hearth (ethnic homeland)

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16
Q

how can ethnicity be diluted

A

Pop culture (globalization)
assimilation/acculturation
Cultural appropriation
Ethnocentrism → the belief that one ethnicity is superior

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17
Q

what is an ethnic enclave

A

neighborhoods that share distinct cultural traits or ethnicities

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18
Q

what is ethnic cleansing

A

when a more powerful ethnic group tries to create a homogenous society by eliminating other groups

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19
Q

what are centrifugal forces

A

forces that push countries apart (many languages, ethnic groups that are in conflict)

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20
Q

what are centripetal forces

A

forces that bring a country together

ex: Nationalism, common language or religion

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21
Q

why are there sometimes hostile relationships/ethnic conflict between ethnic groups

A

Political power
Resources
Control of land (trade routes, borders, etc)

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22
Q

what is mutual intelligibility

A

2 people can understand each other when speaking

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23
Q

why is mutual intelligibility not a good criteria to base language on

A

its nearly impossible to measure

some languages are recognized as separate but are mutually intelligible

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24
Q

what is a standard language

A

one that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught

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25
what is a dialect
variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
26
why do geographers study language
Tells us about cultures -Can tell if people share cultural identities --US and Britain → must be a connection there Way that most commonly culture is passed on and the reason why we see cultures change from one generation to another Language is one of the identifying elements that tells us were in a new place
27
what is an isogloss
a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature
28
what are dialect chains
the idea that dialects nearest each other ill be the most similar, but as you travel across space the dialects become less intelligible to each other because less interaction occurs
29
what is a language family
within a language family, the languages have a shared but fairly distant origin broken up into sub-familes
30
what is a subfamily
divisions within a language family where the divisions are more definite and the origins are more recent
31
what is a sound shift
a slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin
32
what is backward reconstruction
tracks sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" towards the original language
33
what is deep reconstruction
attempting to recreate the language that preceded an extinct language
34
what is language divergence
when spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down and the language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues
35
what is language convergence
can take place when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and the 2 languages can collapse into one
36
what is the conquest theory
holds that early speakers of Proto-indo-european spread from west to east on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues
37
what is the dispersal hypothesis
holds that the indo-european languages that arose from photo-indo-european were first carried eastward into southwest asia, next around the caspian sea, and then across the russian-ukranian plains and on into the balkans
38
what are the sub-families of the indo-european language family
romance, germanic, slavic, indic, celtic, ironic
39
what is a pidgin language
results when different linguistic groups come into contact | serves the purpose of commerce
40
what is an example of a pidgin language
spanglish
41
what is a country that has a pidgin language for its official language
papua new guinea
42
what is a lingua franca
language that spreads over a wide area where it is not the mother tongue; mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
43
what is the lingua franca of the world
english
44
what are the 2 official languages of Kenya and what is their function
english and swahili | they function as lingua franca and facilitate communication among Bantu, Nilotic, and Cushitic language speakers
45
what is a cluster of isoglosses called
a bundle; serves as the most satisfactory dividing lines among dialects and languages
46
what are the 3 major dialects in the US
northern, southern, and midland
47
what do american dialects suggest about our culture
we are not becoming a more national culture by overwhelming regional cultures
48
what is the renfrew hypothesis
civilizations started in the fertile crescent and people moved in diff directions and from these we have our language families
49
where were the earliest speakers of indo-european from
southern and southeastern turkey 8 or 9 thousand years ago
50
describe indo-european diffusion
Diffused west and north into Europe and represented expansion of farming people at expense of hunters and gatherers also occurred with the spread of great political empires, especially Latin, English, and Russian
51
where is the presumed hearth of the austronesian language fam
the interior of Southeast Asia 5,000 years ago
52
describe austronesian diffusion
remarkable, Initially spread southward into the Malay Peninsula, people sailed in tiny boats across the. uncharted vast seas to New Zealand, Easter Island, Hawaii, and Madagascar, Occupy hundreds of Pacific islands in a triangular-shaped realm, Used outrigger canoes, Went against prevailing winds into a new hemisphere with different navigational stars, No humans had previously found the isolated Hawaiian Islands, Sailors had no way of knowing that land existed in the area
53
what is nostratic
ancestral speech of the Middle East 12,000 to 20,000 years ago
54
where is it believed the original language hearth arose from
africa 250,000 years ago
55
what are the 2 major divisions of the afro-asiatic family
Semitic and Hamitic
56
what is the most widespread semiotic language
arabic
57
which language has the largest number of native speakers
arabic
58
what is are two more semitic languages besides arabic
hebrew and amharic
59
where is the indo european family spoken
on all continents, dominant in Europe, Russia, North and South America, Australia, and parts of southwestern Asia and India
60
where is emetic (part of the afro-asiatic) spoken
northern africa to the atlantic coast
61
what is the lingua franca of east africa
Swahili
62
where is the Niger-Congo family spoken
subsaharan africa
63
where is the altaic language family spoken
Homeland lies largely in deserts, tundras, and coniferous forests of northern and central Asia
64
what are some subgroups in the altaic language family
turkic, mongolic
65
what is a subgroup of the afro-asiatic family
bantu
66
where is the urlic family mostly spoken
finland and hungary
67
what are the two most important subgroups of urlic
Finnish and hungarian
68
what is the range of the austronesian family
Madagascar, through Indonesia and the Pacific Islands, to Hawaii and Easter Island; longitudinally spans halfway across the world
69
what is the largest single language in the austronesian family
indonesian
70
what is the most widespread language in the austronesian family
polynesian
71
where is the sino-tibetan language family
Extends throughout most of China and Southeast Asia
72
what is the mother tongue in the sino-tibetan family
han chinese --> also the official form of speech in china
73
what does the japanese/korean family seem to have kinship with
Altaic and Austronesian
74
where is the austro-asiatic language family found
Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and spoken by some tribal people of Malaya and parts of India
75
what has the austro-asiatic language family been encroached upon
Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European, and Austronesian
76
what language is spoken on the borderland between Spain and France and is unrelated to any other language in the world
basque
77
what language family is found in the Kalahari Desert of southwestern Africa and characterized by clicking sounds
Khoisan
78
what language family is spoken by numerous darker-skinned people of southern India and northern Sri Lanka
dravidian
79
what are examples of refuge languages
Papuan, Caucasic, Nilo-Saharan, Paleosiberian, Inukitut, and a variety of Amerindian
80
what are shatter belts
areas where diverse languages are spoken
81
how does the environment affect vocabulary
the language of a certain place will become rich in words to describe things that have a lot of ex: Spanish language derived from Castile --> Rich in words describing rough terrain Distinguishes subtle differences in shape and configuration of mountains Scottish Gaelic --> Describes types of rough terrain, Common attribute spoken by hill people Romanian tongue --> Also from a region of rugged terrain English --> Developed in wet coastal plains - Abounds with words describing flowing streams --> Rural American South—river, creek, branch, fork, prong, run, bayou, and slough
82
how does the environment provide refuge for languages
Provide outnumbered linguistic groups refuge from aggressive neighbors Unpleasant environments rarely attract conquerors
83
what are linguistic refuge areas
Rugged bill and mountain areas Excessively cold or dry climates Impenetrable forests and remote islands Extensive marshes and swamps
84
what are the romance languages
french, spanish, italian, romanian, and portugese
85
what are the germanic languages
english, german, danish, norwegian, swedish
86
what are the slavic languages
russian, polish, czech, slovak, ukranian, slovenian, serbo-croatian, bulgarian
87
why do similarities among the bantu languages mean the languages have been in sub-saharan africa for a shorter time
typically, the longer a language has been in a place, there likely the sounds will have shifted and the languages splintered
88
what is a creole language
a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people
89
why is no country truly monolingual today
bc of migration and diffusion
90
how do vocabularies develop with respect to the environment
for features of the environment that involve livelihood
91
real-world examples of linguistic refuge areas
alps, himalayas, and highlands of mexico are linguistic shatter belts american indian tongue Quechua clings to a refuge in the Andes Mountains of South America Tundra climates of the far north have sheltered certain Uralic, Altaic, and Inukitut (Eskimo) speakers
92
what are switzerland's 4 national languages
french, german, italian, and romansch
93
how has the romansch language survived in switzerland
it has survived in the alpine linguistic refuge of the upper Rhine and Inn Rivers
94
why is environmental isolation no longer the linguistic force it once was
Inhospitable lands and islands are reachable by airplanes Marshes and forests are being drained and cleared by farmers The world is interactive
95
how does the environment guide migration
Migrants were often attracted to new lands that seemed environmentally similar to their homelands Environmental barriers and natural routeways guided linguistic groups along certain paths
96
what are examples of how mountain barriers serve as linguistic borders
In part of the Alps, speakers of German and Italian live on opposite sides of a major ridge Portions of mountain rim along the northern edge of the Fertile Crescent form the border between Semitic and Indo-European tongues
97
when are language borders typically stable vs unstable
Linguistic borders that follow such physical features tend to be stable vs Language borders that cross plains and major routes of communication are frequently unstable

History (19 decks)

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