Human Geo Ch 10 Flashcards
what is a commodity chain
a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution, resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the market
do all places on a commodity chain benefit equally from production of a good
no
what things are associated with the segment of global commodity chains located in the core
sophisticated technology, high skill levels, extensive research and development, and high salaries
what things are associated with the segment of global commodity chains located in the periphery
low technology, less education, little research and development, and lower wages
what does wealth depend on
what is produced, but also how and where it is produced
what does it mean to say a country is developing
progress is being made in technology, production, and socioeconomic well-being
what are the three major areas measured when measuring development
development in economic welfare, development in tech and production, and development in social welfare
what is the gross national product (GNP)
a measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year; includes things produced inside and outside of the country’s territory
what is gross domestic product (GDP)
measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced within a country within a given year
what is gross national income (GNI)
calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country minus income payments to other countries around the world
what is the most common way to standardize data in order to compare GNI across countries
divide it by the population of the country; this yields per capita GDI
in what was in the GNI limited
only includes transactions in the formal economy, masks extremes in the distribution of wealth within a country, measures only outputs and doesnt take into account the non-monetary costs or production
what is the formal economy
the legal economy that governments tax and monitor
what is the informal economy
the uncounted or illegal economy that governments do not tax or keep track of, including everything from a garden plot in their back yard to the black market to the illegal drug trade
what level of economic development is signaled by a high percentage of laborers engaged in the production of food
a low overall level of economic development
what level of economic development is signaled by a high percentage of workers involved in tech industries and services
a high overall level of economic development
what does a more productive workforce point to
a higher level of mechanization in production
what is the dependence ratio
a measure of the number of dependents, young and old, that each 100 employed people must support
what can a higher dependency ratio result in
significant economic and social strain
what are some of the problems with the discussion of ways of measuring development
- the word developing suggests that all counties are improving their place in each of the indicators
- the development model does not take geographical differences very seriously
- has a western bias
- does not consider the ability of some countries to influence what happens in other countries, or the different positions countries occupy in the world economy
what are Rostow’s 5 stages of economic development
- Traditional
- Preconditions of takeoff
- Takeoff
- Drive to maturity
- High-mass consumption
what are the characteristics of a country in the traditional stage
subsistence farming
rigid social structure
technology is slow to change
what are the characteristics of a country in the preconditions of takeoff stage
new leadership moves the country towards greater flexibility, openness, and diversification
what are the characteristics of a country in the takeoff stage
industrial revolution
sustained growth takes hold
urbanization increases, industrialization proceeds, technological and mass-production breakthroughs occur
what are the characteristics of a country in the drive to maturity stage
technologies diffuse, industrial specialization occurs, international trade expands
population growth slows
what are the characteristics of a country in the high mass consumption stage
high incomes
widespread production of many goods and services
majority of workers entre the service sector of the economy
what is the major problem with rostow’s model
it provides no larger context to development; also leaves no room for cultural and political forces within a country
what does it mean that development happens in context
it reflects what is happening in a place as a result of forces operating concurrently at multiple scales
what is neo-colonialism
major world powers continue to control the economies of the poorer countries even though the poorer countries are now independent states
what is a structuralist theory
holds that difficult-to-change, large-scale economic arrangements shape what can happen in fundamental ways; example - poorer countries face a different set of developmental circumstances than those faced by western europe on which Rostow modeled his model
what is dependence theory
holds that the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the possibilities of poorer areas
what is one thing dependence theorists argue
dependency of colonies on colonial powers helps sustain the prosperity of dominant regions and the poverty of other regions, even after decolonization occurs
what is dollarization
where a country’s currency is abandoned in favor of the dollar
what is an effect of dollarization
creates a significant link between the poor and wealthy countries’ economies
why do core processes generate wealth in a place
because they require higher levels of education, more sophisticated technologies, and higher wages and benefits
how is the core-periphery model fundamentally different from the modernization model
it holds that not all places can be equally wealthy on the capitalist world economy
what is the human development index
measurement of development that goes beyond economics and incorporates the three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living
what were the 8 millennium development goals
- eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
- promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- improve maternal health
- combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- ensure environmental stability
- Develop a global partnership for development
what are the barriers to economic development
- social conditions
- foreign debt
- disease
- political corruption and instability
what are some social conditions that are barriers to economic development
- high birth rates and low life expectancies at birth
- not a lot of adults to support the huge young population
- inadequate nutrition
- lack of public sewage systems, clean drinking water, and access to health care
- lack of access to education
- education is often unequal with regard to gender
what is the lack of education for girls founded on and compounded by
the widespread assumption that girls will leave their homes and communities when they marry, no longer bringing income to the family
what is trafficking
happens when “adults and children fleeing poverty or seeking better prospects are manipulated, deceived, and bullied into working in conditions they would not choose
how did Rwanda improve access to education
eliminated fees for primary education and schools started receiving revenues for the number of students they were educating
what are some problems Rwanda is facing in increasing education
access and completion are 2 different things
don’t have adequate funding/space for growing populations