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Human Geo Ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what is political geography

A

the study of the political organization of the world

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2
Q

what is a state

A

a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government; must be recognized by other states

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3
Q

what is territoriality

A

the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

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4
Q

what is sovereignty

A

having a recognized right to control a territory both politically and militarily

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5
Q

what is the peace of westphalia

A

negotiated in 1648 among princes of the states making up the Holy Roman Empire; made a peace that ended Europe’s most destructive internal struggle over religion during the 30 years’ war; marks beginning of modern state system

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6
Q

what is a nation

A

a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy

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7
Q

what is a nation-state

A

when the geographic area of a nation aligns with political boundaries of a state

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8
Q

what are some examples of nation states

A

japan, egypt, albania

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9
Q

multinational state

A

a state with even more than one nation inside its borders

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10
Q

multisate nation

A

when a nation stretches across borders and states

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11
Q

stateless nation

A

nations that do not have a state

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12
Q

examples of a stateless nation

A

iroquois, palestine, kurdistan

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13
Q

cons of a stateless nation

A

Not represented politically (usually)

Spread across borders which can make it hard to gain any political traction

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14
Q

examples of nationless states

A

Rwanda, US

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15
Q

pros and cons of nationless states

A

diversity, but conflict

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16
Q

pros of nationstate

A

easy to represent people

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17
Q

what is colonization

A

when one state takes political control of another region; Usually includes exploitation of resources (economic)
Also usually includes a shift in cultural/social traits

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18
Q

what is capitalism

A

in the world economy, individuals, corporations, and states produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit

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19
Q

what is commodification

A

the process of placing a price on a good, service, or idea and then buying, selling, and trading that item (ex: bottled water)

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20
Q

how do governments attempt to unify states

A

nation-building
structuring the government in a way that melds the nations within
defining and defending boundaries
expressing control over all of the territory within those boundaries

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21
Q

what are unitary governments

A

highly centralized states

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22
Q

what is a federal system

A

a way of organizing a multinational state

organizes state territory into regions, substates, provinces, or cantons

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23
Q

what happens in a strong federal system

A

regions have much control over policies and funds

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24
Q

what happens in a weak federal system

A

the central government retains a significant measure of power

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25
what is devolution
the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
26
what sources of internal division do devolutionary forces come from
ethnocultural, economic, territorial
27
what are examples of ethnocultural devolutionary movements
czechoslovakia and yugoslavia
28
what are examples of economic devolutionary movements
catalonia - argues that their economy pays more into the spanish government than it receives from the state Sardina - says they've been neglected by the gov in rome
29
what are centripetal forces
forces that unify the people
30
what are centrifugal forces
forces that divide the people
31
what do devolutionary events have in common
they most often occur on the margins of states
32
which regions are most likely to seek devolution
those far from the national capital; many are separated by water, desert, or mountains and adjoin neighbors that may support separatist objectives
33
where does the US face its most serious devolutionary pressures
Hawaii
34
what strengthens devolutionary tendencies
distance, remoteness, and marginal location
35
what does colonization usually include
exploitation of resources | a shift in cultural/social traits
36
what is balkanization
the fragmentation or division of one state into smaller states
37
what is an example of balkanization
the Soviet Union
38
what was the iron curtain
divided Europe into communist/noncommunist countries
39
what is domino theory
once one country fell to communism, others would too
40
what is a satellite state
one that maintains its boundaries but is still under the control of another state; refers to a country or nation that was formally independent, but is now politically and economically influenced by another country.
41
what is an example of satellite states
Following World War II, many eastern European countries that were socialists and supporters of the U.S.S.R. policy became Satellite States. The Soviet Union controlled six countries that became known as the Eastern Bloc countries
42
what is a boundary
a vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above, dividing one state from another
43
what is an antecedent boundary
existed before a cultural landscape emerged
44
what are examples of an antecedent boundary
US and Canadian boundary at 49th parallel; malaysia and indonesian border decided by england and netherlands
45
what is a subsequent boundary
boundary that is formed after a cultural landscape/due to cultural landscape
46
what is an example of a subsequent boundary
berlin wall that divided E and W germany
47
what is a superimposed boundary
political boundary placed by outsiders on a human landscape
48
what are examples of a superimposed boundary
colonization of Africa; soviet union in E europe
49
what is a relic
boundary that ceases to function but whose imprint we still see
50
what are examples of relics
berlin wall, great wall of china
51
what is the definition boundary process
written into a treaty in which actual points in the landscape or points of latitude and longitude are described
52
what is an example of a boundary created by definition
berlin conference, treaty of paris (ended revolutionary war)
53
what is the delimitation boundary process
written terms on a map
54
what is an example of a boundary created by delimitation
electoral districts in the US
55
what is the demarcation boundary process
when political boundaries are actually created on a landscape itself
56
what is an example of a boundary created by demarcation
berlin wall, DMZ between N and S Korea, fence along US Mexico border
57
what does it mean to administrate borders
to determine how the boundaries will be maintained and to determine which goods and people may cross them
58
what are geometric boundaries
drawn using a grid system
59
what are examples of geometric boundaries
central and western US, US and Canada border, border of chad and libya
60
what are natural/physical boundaries
non man-made boundaries; mountains, rivers, oceans
61
what are examples of natural/physical boundaries
the Rio Grande between US and mexico, the great lakes between US and Canada
62
what is a problem with using physical features as political boundaries
topographic feutres are not static - rivers change course, volcanoes erupt, mountains erode - and many states have entered territorial conflicts over borders based on physical features they don't necessarily stop the flow of people or goods across boundaries
63
what is a definitional boundary dispute
disagreement about a boundary agreement in a treaty
64
what is a locational boundary dispute
dispute along the boundary of neighboring states; centers on the delimitation and possibly demarcation of the boundary; definition is not in dispute, but the interpretation is
65
what is an example of a locational boundary dispute
Saudi arabia and yemen | india and pakistan
66
what is an operational boundary dispute
boundaries whose function changes as operations/purposes change; if one state wants to limit migration, while the other does not, a dispute may arise
67
what is an example of an operational boundary dispute
mexico US border - we use them for workers but then cut it off when they try to actually migrate here to live european countries with immigration
68
what is an allocational boundary dispute
dispute over location and resources
69
what is an example of an allocational boundary
iraq and kuwait - oil | sea floor
70
what is UNCLOS
united nations convention on laws of the sea; a supranational organization (IGO) that governs use of the sea, states were given EEZ (exclusive economic zone), outside of EEZ the international seabed authority collected the resources
71
what does the german school seek to do
explain why certain states are powerful and how to become powerful
72
what did the British/american school seek to do
offer strategic advice by identifying parts of earth's surface that were particularly important for the maintenance and projection of power
73
what is NATO
north american treaty organization, states in the N Atlantic support each other in war/conflict
74
what was ratzel's theory
territory is the state's essential, life-giving force; later led to nazi expansionism
75
what is the basic concept behind critical geopolitics
intellectuals of statecraft (actors in the most powerful, core countries) construct ideas about geopolitical circumstances and places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and then affect what happens and how most people interpret what happens
76
what is a supranational organization
a collection of states working together for a specific purpose that exists as a higher power than the states themselves
77
what is NAFTA
the north american free trade agreement; free trade between north american states
78
what problems does integration into an IGO cause
problems bc of diversity of states involved significant expenditures loss of traditional state powers
79
how does supranationalism take power away from states
takes away decision making | less sovereignty in certain areas
80
how do central governments prevent devolution
put down/stifle smaller groups geographically separate groups (districting) make national language, currency, and laws increase nationalism
81
historically power has been about land acquisition. How would states gain world power now?
becoming technologically advanced spending money on military having a reach in every part of the world - where theres enemies and were theres resources

History (19 decks)

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