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History > Human Geo Ch 8 > Flashcards

Human Geo Ch 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is political geography

A

the study of the political organization of the world

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2
Q

what is a state

A

a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government; must be recognized by other states

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3
Q

what is territoriality

A

the attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

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4
Q

what is sovereignty

A

having a recognized right to control a territory both politically and militarily

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5
Q

what is the peace of westphalia

A

negotiated in 1648 among princes of the states making up the Holy Roman Empire; made a peace that ended Europe’s most destructive internal struggle over religion during the 30 years’ war; marks beginning of modern state system

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6
Q

what is a nation

A

a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy

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7
Q

what is a nation-state

A

when the geographic area of a nation aligns with political boundaries of a state

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8
Q

what are some examples of nation states

A

japan, egypt, albania

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9
Q

multinational state

A

a state with even more than one nation inside its borders

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10
Q

multisate nation

A

when a nation stretches across borders and states

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11
Q

stateless nation

A

nations that do not have a state

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12
Q

examples of a stateless nation

A

iroquois, palestine, kurdistan

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13
Q

cons of a stateless nation

A

Not represented politically (usually)

Spread across borders which can make it hard to gain any political traction

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14
Q

examples of nationless states

A

Rwanda, US

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15
Q

pros and cons of nationless states

A

diversity, but conflict

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16
Q

pros of nationstate

A

easy to represent people

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17
Q

what is colonization

A

when one state takes political control of another region; Usually includes exploitation of resources (economic)
Also usually includes a shift in cultural/social traits

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18
Q

what is capitalism

A

in the world economy, individuals, corporations, and states produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit

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19
Q

what is commodification

A

the process of placing a price on a good, service, or idea and then buying, selling, and trading that item (ex: bottled water)

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20
Q

how do governments attempt to unify states

A

nation-building
structuring the government in a way that melds the nations within
defining and defending boundaries
expressing control over all of the territory within those boundaries

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21
Q

what are unitary governments

A

highly centralized states

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22
Q

what is a federal system

A

a way of organizing a multinational state

organizes state territory into regions, substates, provinces, or cantons

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23
Q

what happens in a strong federal system

A

regions have much control over policies and funds

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24
Q

what happens in a weak federal system

A

the central government retains a significant measure of power

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25
Q

what is devolution

A

the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state

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26
Q

what sources of internal division do devolutionary forces come from

A

ethnocultural, economic, territorial

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27
Q

what are examples of ethnocultural devolutionary movements

A

czechoslovakia and yugoslavia

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28
Q

what are examples of economic devolutionary movements

A

catalonia - argues that their economy pays more into the spanish government than it receives from the state
Sardina - says they’ve been neglected by the gov in rome

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29
Q

what are centripetal forces

A

forces that unify the people

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30
Q

what are centrifugal forces

A

forces that divide the people

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31
Q

what do devolutionary events have in common

A

they most often occur on the margins of states

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32
Q

which regions are most likely to seek devolution

A

those far from the national capital; many are separated by water, desert, or mountains and adjoin neighbors that may support separatist objectives

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33
Q

where does the US face its most serious devolutionary pressures

A

Hawaii

34
Q

what strengthens devolutionary tendencies

A

distance, remoteness, and marginal location

35
Q

what does colonization usually include

A

exploitation of resources

a shift in cultural/social traits

36
Q

what is balkanization

A

the fragmentation or division of one state into smaller states

37
Q

what is an example of balkanization

A

the Soviet Union

38
Q

what was the iron curtain

A

divided Europe into communist/noncommunist countries

39
Q

what is domino theory

A

once one country fell to communism, others would too

40
Q

what is a satellite state

A

one that maintains its boundaries but is still under the control of another state; refers to a country or nation that was formally independent, but is now politically and economically influenced by another country.

41
Q

what is an example of satellite states

A

Following World War II, many eastern European countries that were socialists and supporters of the U.S.S.R. policy became Satellite States. The Soviet Union controlled six countries that became known as the Eastern Bloc countries

42
Q

what is a boundary

A

a vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above, dividing one state from another

43
Q

what is an antecedent boundary

A

existed before a cultural landscape emerged

44
Q

what are examples of an antecedent boundary

A

US and Canadian boundary at 49th parallel; malaysia and indonesian border decided by england and netherlands

45
Q

what is a subsequent boundary

A

boundary that is formed after a cultural landscape/due to cultural landscape

46
Q

what is an example of a subsequent boundary

A

berlin wall that divided E and W germany

47
Q

what is a superimposed boundary

A

political boundary placed by outsiders on a human landscape

48
Q

what are examples of a superimposed boundary

A

colonization of Africa; soviet union in E europe

49
Q

what is a relic

A

boundary that ceases to function but whose imprint we still see

50
Q

what are examples of relics

A

berlin wall, great wall of china

51
Q

what is the definition boundary process

A

written into a treaty in which actual points in the landscape or points of latitude and longitude are described

52
Q

what is an example of a boundary created by definition

A

berlin conference, treaty of paris (ended revolutionary war)

53
Q

what is the delimitation boundary process

A

written terms on a map

54
Q

what is an example of a boundary created by delimitation

A

electoral districts in the US

55
Q

what is the demarcation boundary process

A

when political boundaries are actually created on a landscape itself

56
Q

what is an example of a boundary created by demarcation

A

berlin wall, DMZ between N and S Korea, fence along US Mexico border

57
Q

what does it mean to administrate borders

A

to determine how the boundaries will be maintained and to determine which goods and people may cross them

58
Q

what are geometric boundaries

A

drawn using a grid system

59
Q

what are examples of geometric boundaries

A

central and western US, US and Canada border, border of chad and libya

60
Q

what are natural/physical boundaries

A

non man-made boundaries; mountains, rivers, oceans

61
Q

what are examples of natural/physical boundaries

A

the Rio Grande between US and mexico, the great lakes between US and Canada

62
Q

what is a problem with using physical features as political boundaries

A

topographic feutres are not static - rivers change course, volcanoes erupt, mountains erode - and many states have entered territorial conflicts over borders based on physical features
they don’t necessarily stop the flow of people or goods across boundaries

63
Q

what is a definitional boundary dispute

A

disagreement about a boundary agreement in a treaty

64
Q

what is a locational boundary dispute

A

dispute along the boundary of neighboring states; centers on the delimitation and possibly demarcation of the boundary; definition is not in dispute, but the interpretation is

65
Q

what is an example of a locational boundary dispute

A

Saudi arabia and yemen

india and pakistan

66
Q

what is an operational boundary dispute

A

boundaries whose function changes as operations/purposes change; if one state wants to limit migration, while the other does not, a dispute may arise

67
Q

what is an example of an operational boundary dispute

A

mexico US border - we use them for workers but then cut it off when they try to actually migrate here to live
european countries with immigration

68
Q

what is an allocational boundary dispute

A

dispute over location and resources

69
Q

what is an example of an allocational boundary

A

iraq and kuwait - oil

sea floor

70
Q

what is UNCLOS

A

united nations convention on laws of the sea; a supranational organization (IGO) that governs use of the sea, states were given EEZ (exclusive economic zone), outside of EEZ the international seabed authority collected the resources

71
Q

what does the german school seek to do

A

explain why certain states are powerful and how to become powerful

72
Q

what did the British/american school seek to do

A

offer strategic advice by identifying parts of earth’s surface that were particularly important for the maintenance and projection of power

73
Q

what is NATO

A

north american treaty organization, states in the N Atlantic support each other in war/conflict

74
Q

what was ratzel’s theory

A

territory is the state’s essential, life-giving force; later led to nazi expansionism

75
Q

what is the basic concept behind critical geopolitics

A

intellectuals of statecraft (actors in the most powerful, core countries) construct ideas about geopolitical circumstances and places, these ideas influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and then affect what happens and how most people interpret what happens

76
Q

what is a supranational organization

A

a collection of states working together for a specific purpose that exists as a higher power than the states themselves

77
Q

what is NAFTA

A

the north american free trade agreement; free trade between north american states

78
Q

what problems does integration into an IGO cause

A

problems bc of diversity of states involved
significant expenditures
loss of traditional state powers

79
Q

how does supranationalism take power away from states

A

takes away decision making

less sovereignty in certain areas

80
Q

how do central governments prevent devolution

A

put down/stifle smaller groups
geographically separate groups (districting)
make national language, currency, and laws
increase nationalism

81
Q

historically power has been about land acquisition. How would states gain world power now?

A

becoming technologically advanced
spending money on military
having a reach in every part of the world - where theres enemies and were theres resources

History (19 decks)

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