Human Geo Ch 9 Flashcards
1
Q
what is a central business district
A
CBD; a concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown; center of cultural, political, and economic life
2
Q
synekism
A
the conditions that derive from dwelling together in a particular home place or space
3
Q
urban
A
the built up space of the central city and suburbs; includes the city and surrounding environs connected to the city; distinctively non rural and nonagricultural
4
Q
what were the early cities
A
mesopotamia (middle east) Nile River Valley (Egypt) Indus River Valley (India) Huang He River Valley (China) Meso-America (central/south America)
5
Q
city
A
agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as he center of politics, economics, and culture
6
Q
what is an agricultural village
A
everyone living there was involved in agriculture and they lived at near-subsistence levels
7
Q
what two things enabled cities to stabilize and grow
A
agricultural surplus and social stratification
8
Q
what did the leadership class consist of
A
a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources and often the lives of others
9
Q
what did the leadership class/urban elites do
A
controlled the food supply, which generated an agricultural surplus and enabled people to devote their efforts to pursuits besides agriculture –> out of these came writing and recordkeeping
10
Q
what is the first urban revolution
A
occurred independently in 6 separate hearths; in each of the urban hearths, people became engaged in economic activities beyond agriculture, including specialty crafts, the military, trade, and government
11
Q
what are the 6 urban hearths
A
Mesopotamia Nile River Valley Indus River Valley Huang He River Valley Meso-America Peru
12
Q
characteristics of Mesopotamia
A
dates back to 3500 BC
refers to region of great cities located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
there are signs of social inequality
there was a priest-kings class and developed religious-political ideology
13
Q
characteristics of nile river valley
A
dates back to 3200 BC
interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation distinguishes it from other urban hearths
the rulers were mighty, as shown in the amazing architecture of the great pyramids, tombs, and sphinx
14
Q
characteristics of the indus river valley
A
dates back to 2200 BC
unable to decipher their writing, scholars are puzzled by the first cities in the IRV
cities were intricately planned, which points to the existence of a leadership class, but the houses were equal in size, with no palaces or monuments
coins from the Mediterranean found signify significant trade
15
Q
characteristics of the huang he river valley
A
dates back to 1500 BC
purposefully planned their ancient cities to center on a vertical structure in the middle of the city and then built an inner wall around it
leadership class had temples and palaces within the inner wall
emperor qin xi huang directed building of great wall in 200 BC and had a giant mausoleum built for himself
16
Q
characteristics of mesoamerica
A
dates back to 1100 BC
ancient cities were religious centers
the Olmec built cities on Gulf coast of mexico and carved stone mountains
after the olmec died out, the mayans built cities in the same region also centered on religious temples
17
Q
characteristics of peru
A
dates back to 900 BC
chavín built cities
18
Q
what three roles did ancient cities play
A
centers of
- religion
- power
- economics
19
Q
what are some services that ancient cities provided
A
chief marketplaces and bases from which wealthy merchants, land and livestock owners, and traders operated
educational centers
handicraft industries
20
Q
how large were ancient cities
A
much smaller than modern cities; scholars estimate mesopotamia and nile river valley may have had between 10,000 and 15,000 inhabitants after nearly 2000 years of growth and development - that is the maximum sustainable size based on food production, gathering, distributing, and social organizations
21
Q
where to urbanization diffuse from
A
Mesopotamia in several different directions
22
Q
why did populations in mesopotamia grow
A
the steady food supply and sedentary lifestyle
23
Q
when did urbanization diffuse from mesopotamia
A
early, even before agriculture developed in some other hearths
24
Q
how did urbanization diffuse from mesopotamia
A
people migrated out from the heath, diffusing their knowledge of agriculture and urbanization
25
why is Greece not an urban hearth
because agriculture and urbanization diffused to greece from mesopotamia rather than being independently innovated in greece
26
why is greece more accurately described as a secondary hearth
bc the greek city form and function diffused around the world centuries later through european colonialism
27
when did Greek cities begin
more than 3500 years ago when the city of Knossos on the island of crete became the cornerstone of a system of towns in the minoan civilization
28
how did Greece carry the notion of urban life throughout the mediterranean region
bc they have many greek islands and seafarers went to them for trade routes, etc
29
what were Greece's leading cities
Athens and Sparta
30
what is an acropolis
something every Greek city had on which the people built the most impressive structures - usually religious buildings
31
what is the most famous acropolis
the athens one on which the Parthenon still stands
32
what is an agora
public space in a low part of the city with steps leading down to it where Greeks debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, and socialized. as time went on, they became the focus of commercial activity
33
how was life for many people in Greek cities
miserable
- housing wasn't any better than it had been in mesopotamian cities thousands of years before
- sanitation and health conditions were poor
- much of the grandeur designed by Greece's urban planners was the work of hundreds of thousands of slaves
34
where did urbanization diffuse to the roman empire from
Greece
35
where did roman urbanization and urban culture diffuse to
through western Europe
36
how did Europeans eventually carry Western concepts of city life around the world
colonialism and capitalism
37
when the Romans succeeded the Greeks as rulers of the region, what did their empire incorporate
mediterranean shores and a large part of interior Europe and North Africa
38
where were the majority of Greece's cities and towns located
near the mediterranean sea on peninsulas and islands and linked by sea routes
39
whose domain was bigger - Greece's or Rome's?
Rome's
40
what was the capital of the Roman urban system
Rome
41
what did Rome serve as
the apex of a hierarchy of settlements ranging from small villages to large cities
42
how did Romans link the places in their domain
an extensive transportation network that included hundreds of miles of roads, well-established sea routes, and trading ports along the roads, seas, and rivers
43
what is the site of a city
its absolute location, often chosen for its advantages in trade or defense, or as a center for religious practice
44
what is the situation of a city
it is based on its role in the larger, surrounding context
45
is the situation of a region constant or does it change with the times
changes with the times
46
how has Rome's situation changed over time
it was the center of the roman empire, but when the roman empire dissolved, it developed into the center of the roman catholic church, which it still is today. when the renaissance and industrial revolution happened, rome was no longer the scientific, political, and economic focal point of the country
47
what is urban morphology
the layout of a city in its physical form and structure
48
what shape did greeks - and, following in Greece's example, the Romans - plan their colonial cities in
a rectangular grid pattern
49
what is the functional zonation of a city
when we add the purpose or use of buildings to the map of morphology; reveals how different areas or segments of a city serve different purpose of functions within a city
50
what is an example of functional zonation
the romans took the greek acropolis and agora and combined then into one zone: forum
51
what was the forum
served as the focal point of Roman public life
52
when were the middle ages
spanned from 500-1300 ish
53
what was the urban development of europe like in the first 2/3 of the middle ages
little urban growth occurred and in some parts of the continent urbanism went into sharp decline; if it did occur it happened on sites of oases and stops on the silk route
54
what was urbanization like outside of Europe during the middle ages
in west africa, trading cities developed, timbuktu was a major city
the mayan and aztec empires grew
55
where were most cities located before european exploration
trade routes on the interiors of continents
56
what happened to the situation of cities when european exploration ushered in an era of world-wide trade
cities that were crucial in interior trading routes were now being left out; coastal cities gained prominence
57
how did europes new trade networks affect them
brought unprecedented riches to europes medieval cities; central square became the focus of the city, streets leading to those central cities formed arteries of commerce and the beginnings of "downtowns" emerged
58
how did the industrial revolution affect european cities
they had to adapt to the mushrooming populations, the proliferation of factories and supply facilities, the expansion of transport systems, and the construction of tenements for the growing labor force
59
which mercantile cities were most likely to turn into industrial cities
most industrial cities grew from small villages or along canal and river routes
60
what was the primary determinant in the location of early industrial cities
proximity to a power source
61
how did industrialization change cities
factories engulfed private homes
open spaces became garbage dumps
elegant housing became overcrowded slums
sanitation systems failed, water was polluted
the railroad allowed cities not near coal fields to industrialize
railroad tracks knifed right through neighborhoods
living and working conditions were dreadful
child labor
health conditions were terrible
ton of pollution
work-related injuries were common
62
how did marx and engels fix some of the problems caused by industrialization
encouraged workers of the world to unite, and conditions gradually improved
63
how did the nature of manufacturing change in the 2nd half of the 20th century
cities repositioned factories away from overcrowded urban areas
companies abandoned large warehouses creating rust belts that still stand vacant today
64
what do site and situation help explain
why certain cities were planned and why cities thrive or fail
65
what is a trade area
a region adjacent to a town within which its influence is dominant
66
what is the rank-size rule
the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
67
which two countries city's follow rank-size rule?
germany, portugal
68
what are the effects of the rank size rule
- creation of a megalopolis (concentrated chain of cities)
- As populations grow, more Great Cities (pop over 1 mil)
- Development of more metropolitan areas
69
what is a primate city
commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant
70
what are examples of primate cities
bangkok
london
budapest
71
what are factors encouraging primacy
Favorable advantages for site
Advantages maintained and enhanced
Magnetic attraction for businesses, services, and people (cumulative effect)
Disproportionate growth increases attractiveness
Has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth and natural and human resources
72
cons of primacy
Super crowded cities that can’t be maintain
| Sanitation, pollution, crime
73
what city as burgess's concentric zone model based on
chicago
74
what were the 5 zones in the concentric zone model
1. CBD
2. Zone in transition
3. zone of workingmen's homes
4. residential zone
5. commuter zone
75
describe the CBD in burgess's concentric zone model
1st zone
expensive to live/own a business there
center of political, cultural, and economic life
76
describe the zone in transition of burgess's concentric zone model
zone 2 - Encircling the downtown area there is normally an area of transition, which is being invaded by businesses and light manufacturing
- Low rent
- Slum and badlands of city
- Zone of poverty degradation and disease
- Underworld
- Immigrants
- Ethnic enclaves
- First drawing has factory zone bc they can get cheap labor (bc they cant get transportation to faraway places and they need jobs) & cheap rent
77
describe the zone of workingmen's homes in burgess's concentric zone model
zone 3
Inhabited by the workers in industries who have escaped from areas of deterioration but who want to have easy access to their work
78
describe the residential zone in burgess's concentric zone model
zone 4
Beyond zone of workingmen’s homes
High class apartment buildings
Exclusive districts of single family homes
79
describer the commuter zone in burgess's concentric zone model
zone 5
High cost of living, nice homes, suburban areas
Still farther out beyond the city limits is the commuter’s zone - suburban areas or satellite cities - within a 30 to 60 minute ride of the CBD
80
what wast the significance of circles in burgess's concentric zone model
it says that everything grows out in the same way
81
what are the 5 sectors in hoyt's sector model
1. CBD
2. wholesale, light manufacturing
3. low class residential
4. medium class residential
5. high class residential
82
are zones separated by economic class in burgess's concentric zone model
yes
83
because circles mean everything grows out in the same way, what did this mean for the services in the city according to the concentric zone model
similar activities are similar distances from the CBD
84
are the sectors separated by economic class in hoyt's sector model
yes
85
was there a lot of interaction between classes in hoyt's sector model
no
86
what happened because there was not a lot of interaction between classes in hoyt's sector model
```
sectors became racialized because of class
also "across the tracks syndrome"
```
87
how were the sectors designated in the sector model
along transportation lines
88
how did the zones grow out in the hoyt sector model
in sectors/wedges
89
what was unique about harris and pullman's multiple nuclei model
it included the development of multiple business districts
90
where did harris and ullman say new business districts would form
near transportation
91
what were christaller's assumptions when developing central place theory
1. the surface of the ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers
2. soil fertility would be the same everywhere
3. population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed
4. the region would have a uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each settlement to the other
5. from any given place, a good or service coddle sold in all directions out to a certain distance
92
what is range
the distance people are willing to travel to use a service
93
what is threshold
number of people needed to keep the service in business
94
why did christaller use hexagons
so no area would be untouched and no areas would be overlapping
95
what is the urban hierarchy of settlements based on in central place theory
the functions available in a given settlement
96
describe the central place theory
central places are nested, so the largest central place provides the greatest number of functions to most of the region. within the trade area of the largest central place, a series of larger towns would provide functions to several smaller places. the smaller places would then provide fewer central functions to a smaller service area
97
what are hinterlands
areas outside the central place that people from to use thing inside the central place
98
what does every urban center have
an economic reach
99
are central places in competition with each other?
yes, central places compete with each other to provide goods and services
100
what is the hierarchy of settlements
hamlets, villages, towns, cities; A city has the same goods and services as everyone, a town has the same as a village and a hamlet, and town has a the same as a hamlet, and a hamlet has the least
101
what are the distinct points about central place theory
The larger the settlement, the less there are of them, the further apart they are
The less there are of a settlement, the larger the hinterland, or sphere of influence, of its goods and services - ex: cities have larger influence than towns
Places of the same size will be spaced the same distance apart
102
what do christaller's studies confirm
the distribution of cities, towns, and villages in a region is not an accident but is tied to trade areas, population size, and distance
103
what affects market size
Population
Demand
Threshold
Economic factors
104
why would there be gaps in a market area
People don’t want the service
the wealth of the people in the area favors a different type of service
Not a lot of people
A lot similar services already there
in an area that does not favor the service
105
what factors influence where people will stop
What side of the road
| What kind of necessity it is - what people will be willing to drive for
106
what is the sun belt phenomenon
taken place over the last 4 decades, the movement of millions of americans from northern and northeastern states to the south and southwest
107
why did movement to the sun belt happen
old people retiring
deliberate governmental economic and social policies that favor "sun belt" cities through federal spending on military, space, and research facilities
108
what did the central place theory predict would happen when millions of people migrated to the sun belt
some existing cities would respond by increasing their production of technological goods and services, increasing their economic reach and bypassing others
109
what happened when millions of people migrated to the sun belt
atlanta, dallas, and phoenix became headquarter cities for large regions, moving up in the urban hierarchy
charlotte, tampa, san antonio, and tuscan also rose, but took secondary status
110
what is functional zonation
the division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions)
111
what is a central city
describes the urban area that is not suburban; refer to the older city as opposed to the newer suburbs
112
what is a suburb
an outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area and is often, but not always, adjacent of the central city; most are residential, but some have other land uses like schools, malls, office parks
113
what is suburbanization
the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized as people from the cities move to these spaces; rapidly create distinct urban regions complete with industrial, commercial, and educational components
114
what does the aesthetic of a suburb reveal
the occupants' idealized living patterns because their layout can be planned in response to choice and demand
115
what are edge cities
suburban downtowns that developed in the 70s and 80s when suburbanization exploded around new transportation corridors; they were located near freeway intersections and developed mainly around big regional shopping centers and attracted industrial parks, office complexes, hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities, and even sports stadiums; offered all the elements of a complete urban environment which loosened remaining ties to the central city and to other suburban areas as well
116
what were "colonial cities"
urban areas where european transplants dominated the form of the city, laying it out in western styles
117
what were "indigenous cities"
remained remote from globalizing influences and various forms of the western city
118
what are megacities
primate cities in developing countries that have a large population, a vast territorial extent, rapid in-migration, and a strained, inadequate infrastructure
119
what are examples of edge cities
Tysons Corner, VA; Irvine, CA
120
what are examples of megacities
Mumbai, India (has more people than the country of australia
São palo, Brazil (covers more land than the country of belgium)
Kinshasa, The Congo ( fastest growing city in Africa)
Jakarta, Indonesia (largest city in the world without a subway or metro system)
Mexico City, Mexico
121
what is the griffin-ford model
a model of the south american city; south american cities blend traditional elements of southern american culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones
122
are south american cities separated by economic class
yes
123
what are zoning laws
define areas of the city and designate the kind of development allowed in each zone
124
what city is described as the best panned city in North America
Portland
125
why is portland described as the best planned city in north america
- built around free transportation in the central city to discourage the use of cars
- compact city with office building and residential zones in close proximity to encourage walking, biking, and public transporation
126
what is the only large city that does not have zoning laws
Houston
127
how do people shape cities
by choosing to live in certain neighborhoods and by opening stores, houses of worship, and sporting fields that reflect the value of their culture
128
where are many of the worlds most populous cities located
in the less prosperous parts of the world
129
what are some of the worlds most populous cities
São palo, Brazil; Mexico City, Mexico; Mumbai, India; Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dehli, India
130
why do people migrate to cities
in response to "pull" factors that are often more imaginary than real
131
why are cities in the economic periphery so crowded/run down
the overcrowding and dismal conditions do not deter urban migration, and new arrivals come from other cities and towns and from the rural countryside, often as large families; housing cant keep up with the massive inflow
132
how does having no zoning laws affect cities in the periphery
- have mixed land use throughout the city; this leads to squatter settlements between high rise buildings, and schools and polluting factories side by side
133
what is one trait all major cities display across the global periphery
the stark contrast between the wealthy and they poor
134
what is one way people make cities
remaking them, reinventing neighborhoods, or changing layouts to reflect current goals and aesthetics
135
what is redlining
a now illegal practice that financial institutions would do during segregation that would cause neighborhoods to become increasingly rundown because funds were not available for upkeep or to purchase homes for sale; they identified what they considered to be risky neighborhoods, which were often black neighborhoods and refused to offer loans to anyone looking to purchase a house in that neighborhood
136
what was blockbusting
when realtors would purposefully sell a house in a white neighborhood to a black family at a very low price. they would then solicit white residents to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood was going downhill bc a black family had moved in
137
what did blockbusting produce
white flight
138
what was white flight
movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to the outlying suburbs;
139
what did white flight lead to
a significant turnover in housing which greatly benefitted real estate agents
prompted land owners to sell their houses at low prices to get out of the neighborhood quickly, which allowed developers to subdivide lots and build tenements; these weren't contained well and the property value dropped even further
140
why do people in core countries leave the CBD to live in suburbs
single-family homes
yards
better schools
safety
141
why do governments lose tax revenue due to suburbanization
middle and upper class tax payers leave the city and pay taxes in the suburbs instead
142
what are city governments doing to counter the suburbanization trend
Encouraging commercialization of the CBD and gentrification of neighborhoods in and around the CBD
143
what do the plans that city governments draft to revive central cities usually involve
cleaning streets, sidewalks, and buildings; tearing down old, abandoned buildings; building up commercial offices and residences; commercialization of CBDs
144
how have city governments commercialized CBDs
transformed it into an area attractive to both residents and tourists; ex: miami, new york, and baltimore have created waterfront theme to areas to attract visitors; detroit and minneapolis built/useed tax incentives to attract professional sports stadiums; newly commercialized downtowns often stand apart from the rest of the central city
145
what is gentrification
the rehab of houses in older neighborhoods to raise the property value
146
where did gentrification in the US begin
san francisco, Portland, chicago
147
what has caused the growing interest in central city housing in the US
- the proportion of childless couples (gay and straight) and single people are growing; they often choose to live in cities bc the suburbs do not look as attractive to them as they do to families with young children; gentrified city neighborhoods attract residents who want to live near where they work and to cultural, entertainment, and rec activities, nightlife and restaurants
148
what tends to happen to low income residents in gentrified neighborhoods
they get displaced because property taxes rise as land value rises and the cost of goods and services in the neighborhood rise as well
149
what are teardowns
homes intended for suburban demolition to then be rebuilt into something bigger
150
what are mcmansions
new mansions that are supersize and have a similar look
151
how are teardown similar to gentrification
it changes the landscape and increases average housing values, tax revenue for the city, and the average household income of the neighborhood
152
how are teardowns different from gentrification
```
the original houses are destroyed instead of preserved
teardowns often occur in middle class and wealthy suburbs (ex: greenwich, CT; hinsdale, IL)
```
153
what do those in favor of teardowns argue
that it slows urban sprawl
154
what do those opposed to tear owns argue
the new houses are too large for the lots and it destroys the character of the street
155
what is urban sprawl
unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
156
what is the difference between cities that grew before vs after the automobile
before grew up instead of out
| ex: boston
157
what has to happen for urban sprawl to happen
farmlands and old industrial sites are razed, roads are built or widened, strip malls are erected, housing developments monopolize the horizon
158
does urban sprawl happen even in urban areas without significant population growth
yes
159
what did people do to counter urban sprawl
outlined an urban design vision they call new urbanism
160
what is new urbanism
development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
161
what do new urbanists want to create
neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and place
162
what are the most famous new urbanist projects
celebration, FL; seaside, florida; west laguna, california; kent lands, MD
163
what are two goals of new urbanist designs
to build housing more densely to take up less space and make amenities walkable to decrease dependency on cars which helps the environment
to incorporate diverse people in a community
164
what does her urbanism do with public spaces
makes them privatized for the enjoyment of the few
165
what is some of the biggest critiques of new urbanism
it does nothing to break down the social conditions that privilege some while disadvantaging others
take away much of the grittiness and character of the city
the "communities" formed are exclusionary and deepen the racial segregation of cities
166
what are gated communities
fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles
167
what is the main objective of a gated community
to create a space of safety within the uncertain urban world
168
what is a secondary objective of gated communities
maintain or increase housing values in the neighborhood through enforcement of the neighborhood association's bylaws that control everything from the color of a house to the character and size of additions
169
what is a unique aspect of gated communities in south africa
threatens the desegregation in a post-apartheid country
170
what sets apart gated communities in china
they are 5 to 10 times more densely populated than those in europe or NA
they also have a long history of gated communities
171
how are gated communities helping middle and lower classes in Europe and NA
some urban planners have encouraged governments to recast low-income housing as small communities, gated from one another, in order to reduce the flow through traffic and crime; they want to create a sense of community and make the spaces defensible from undesired activities
172
what is an example of a middle class neighborhood that was gated
Dayton, OH
173
ethnic neighborhoods in european cities are typically affiliated with what kind of people
migrants from former colonies
174
where do most of the migrants to european cities come from
the global periphery or eastern europe, not from other countries in western europe
175
why are european cities typically more compact, densely populated, and walkable than our cities?
bc they are much older and when they were laid out they were designed for foot and horse traffic, not cars
176
what is the focal point of downtown in european cities
a historic city center
177
what does housing look like in a european city
it is often combined with places of work; large zones of housing typically begin in a ring around the outside of the city center (brugess's zone of transition; post WW2 public housing was around the city center
178
where do immigrants live in Brussels, Belgium
privately owned rentals throughout the city; immigrants from rural regions tend to cluster in ethnic neighborhoods; immigrant groups from cities choose rental units scattered throughout the city
179
where do immigrants live in Amsterdam
in the public housing zone - regulated by dutch government; creates multicultural housing and neighborhoods
180
how do ethnic groups maintain their local cultures in amsterdam
through religious and cultural organizations rather than through residential segregation
181
what do cities in the periphery and semi periphery look like
a sea of slum development typically begins where the permanent buildings end
182
where do migrants live in periphery and semi periphery countries
in dangerous places or simply in the streets
183
how are the slums of cities in poorer parts of the world ethnically organized
they ate ethnically delineated
184
how does geography play a major role in the relationships among ethnic components of a former colonial city
the settlement patterns of cities developed during the colonial period often persist long after
185
what is the informal economy
the economy that is not taxes and is not counted towards a country's gross national income; low income people doing any work they can for money
186
why does the informal economy worry governments
bc it is a record less economy and no taxes are paid; remittences are delivered in cash
187
what did mumbai india look like before globalization
strong segregation of local and foreign activities, high levels of functional specialization and concentration, well marked european business district containing mostly british companies, zoning and building codes were strictly enforced, traditional markets and bazaars were separated from the european district
188
what does mumbai look like after globalization
now has a global CBD with foreign corps, multi-national companies, linked mainly to global economy; former european town now has large presence of big domestic companies
189
what are world cities
they function at the global scale, beyond the reach of state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy
190
what are the most important world cities
new york, london, tokyo
191
what are producer services
integral to the processes of globalization
192
what does it mean that cities are being turned into spaces of consumption
media corporations are helping transform urban centers into major entertainment districts where items are consumed
ex: times square, potsdamer platz in berlin
193
what are shantytowns
unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities
194
what structural elements are common among many south american cities
The disamenity sector and a ring highway (periférico)
195
what is the disamenity sector
the very poorest parts of the city that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords; contain relatively unchanging slums known as barrios or favelas
196
what does the griffin-ford model reflect
the enormous differences between the spaces of privilege and the spaces of abject poverty within south american cities
197
what continent has the world's fastest growing cities
africa
198
how many CBDs do central african cities have
3 (colonial, traditional, market)
199
what is the mcgee model
for southeast asian cities
200
what is the focal point of southeast asian cities
the old colonial port zone combined with the largely commercial district that surrounds it
201
what is unique about southeast asian cities
there are no CBDs
202
how are the McGee and griffin-ford models similar
the residential zones, the hybrid structure of sectors and zones, an elite residential sectors that includes new suburbs, an inner city zone of middle-income housing, and peripheral low-income squatter settlements
203
do southeast asian cities have a larger middle class
yes
204
do south american cities have a smaller middle class
yes
205
what can happen to make a place ripe for gentrification
natural disasters
| deindustrialization
206
what do natural disasters and deindustrialization create
Low-income areas
Homelessness
Vacant buildings
Higher levels of crime
207
what is urbanization
shift of population from rural to urban
208
why is less of the developing world urbanized
in developing countries they still need more farmers bc they have less technology
209
what are the causes of urbanization
```
Job opportunities in cities
transportation/infrastructure
Abundance of resources
International immigration
Pop culture
```
210
what are the effects of urbanization
```
Overpopulation
- sanitation/health
- Poverty
- Joblessness
Expansion of cities
- Growth of new cities
Environmental degradation
```
