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History > Human Geo Ch 9 > Flashcards

Human Geo Ch 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a central business district

A

CBD; a concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown; center of cultural, political, and economic life

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2
Q

synekism

A

the conditions that derive from dwelling together in a particular home place or space

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3
Q

urban

A

the built up space of the central city and suburbs; includes the city and surrounding environs connected to the city; distinctively non rural and nonagricultural

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4
Q

what were the early cities

A 
mesopotamia (middle east)
Nile River Valley (Egypt)
Indus River Valley (India)
Huang He River Valley (China)
Meso-America (central/south America)
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5
Q

city

A

agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as he center of politics, economics, and culture

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6
Q

what is an agricultural village

A

everyone living there was involved in agriculture and they lived at near-subsistence levels

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7
Q

what two things enabled cities to stabilize and grow

A

agricultural surplus and social stratification

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8
Q

what did the leadership class consist of

A

a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources and often the lives of others

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9
Q

what did the leadership class/urban elites do

A

controlled the food supply, which generated an agricultural surplus and enabled people to devote their efforts to pursuits besides agriculture –> out of these came writing and recordkeeping

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10
Q

what is the first urban revolution

A

occurred independently in 6 separate hearths; in each of the urban hearths, people became engaged in economic activities beyond agriculture, including specialty crafts, the military, trade, and government

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11
Q

what are the 6 urban hearths

A 
Mesopotamia
Nile River Valley
Indus River Valley
Huang He River Valley
Meso-America
Peru
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12
Q

characteristics of Mesopotamia

A

dates back to 3500 BC
refers to region of great cities located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
there are signs of social inequality
there was a priest-kings class and developed religious-political ideology

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13
Q

characteristics of nile river valley

A

dates back to 3200 BC
interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation distinguishes it from other urban hearths
the rulers were mighty, as shown in the amazing architecture of the great pyramids, tombs, and sphinx

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14
Q

characteristics of the indus river valley

A

dates back to 2200 BC
unable to decipher their writing, scholars are puzzled by the first cities in the IRV
cities were intricately planned, which points to the existence of a leadership class, but the houses were equal in size, with no palaces or monuments
coins from the Mediterranean found signify significant trade

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15
Q

characteristics of the huang he river valley

A

dates back to 1500 BC
purposefully planned their ancient cities to center on a vertical structure in the middle of the city and then built an inner wall around it
leadership class had temples and palaces within the inner wall
emperor qin xi huang directed building of great wall in 200 BC and had a giant mausoleum built for himself

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16
Q

characteristics of mesoamerica

A

dates back to 1100 BC
ancient cities were religious centers
the Olmec built cities on Gulf coast of mexico and carved stone mountains
after the olmec died out, the mayans built cities in the same region also centered on religious temples

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17
Q

characteristics of peru

A

dates back to 900 BC

chavín built cities

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18
Q

what three roles did ancient cities play

A

centers of

  • religion
  • power
  • economics
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19
Q

what are some services that ancient cities provided

A

chief marketplaces and bases from which wealthy merchants, land and livestock owners, and traders operated
educational centers
handicraft industries

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20
Q

how large were ancient cities

A

much smaller than modern cities; scholars estimate mesopotamia and nile river valley may have had between 10,000 and 15,000 inhabitants after nearly 2000 years of growth and development - that is the maximum sustainable size based on food production, gathering, distributing, and social organizations

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21
Q

where to urbanization diffuse from

A

Mesopotamia in several different directions

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22
Q

why did populations in mesopotamia grow

A

the steady food supply and sedentary lifestyle

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23
Q

when did urbanization diffuse from mesopotamia

A

early, even before agriculture developed in some other hearths

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24
Q

how did urbanization diffuse from mesopotamia

A

people migrated out from the heath, diffusing their knowledge of agriculture and urbanization

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25
Q

why is Greece not an urban hearth

A

because agriculture and urbanization diffused to greece from mesopotamia rather than being independently innovated in greece

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26
Q

why is greece more accurately described as a secondary hearth

A

bc the greek city form and function diffused around the world centuries later through european colonialism

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27
Q

when did Greek cities begin

A

more than 3500 years ago when the city of Knossos on the island of crete became the cornerstone of a system of towns in the minoan civilization

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28
Q

how did Greece carry the notion of urban life throughout the mediterranean region

A

bc they have many greek islands and seafarers went to them for trade routes, etc

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29
Q

what were Greece’s leading cities

A

Athens and Sparta

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30
Q

what is an acropolis

A

something every Greek city had on which the people built the most impressive structures - usually religious buildings

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31
Q

what is the most famous acropolis

A

the athens one on which the Parthenon still stands

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32
Q

what is an agora

A

public space in a low part of the city with steps leading down to it where Greeks debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, and socialized. as time went on, they became the focus of commercial activity

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33
Q

how was life for many people in Greek cities

A

miserable

  • housing wasn’t any better than it had been in mesopotamian cities thousands of years before
  • sanitation and health conditions were poor
  • much of the grandeur designed by Greece’s urban planners was the work of hundreds of thousands of slaves
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34
Q

where did urbanization diffuse to the roman empire from

A

Greece

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35
Q

where did roman urbanization and urban culture diffuse to

A

through western Europe

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36
Q

how did Europeans eventually carry Western concepts of city life around the world

A

colonialism and capitalism

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37
Q

when the Romans succeeded the Greeks as rulers of the region, what did their empire incorporate

A

mediterranean shores and a large part of interior Europe and North Africa

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38
Q

where were the majority of Greece’s cities and towns located

A

near the mediterranean sea on peninsulas and islands and linked by sea routes

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39
Q

whose domain was bigger - Greece’s or Rome’s?

A

Rome’s

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40
Q

what was the capital of the Roman urban system

A

Rome

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41
Q

what did Rome serve as

A

the apex of a hierarchy of settlements ranging from small villages to large cities

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42
Q

how did Romans link the places in their domain

A

an extensive transportation network that included hundreds of miles of roads, well-established sea routes, and trading ports along the roads, seas, and rivers

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43
Q

what is the site of a city

A

its absolute location, often chosen for its advantages in trade or defense, or as a center for religious practice

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44
Q

what is the situation of a city

A

it is based on its role in the larger, surrounding context

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45
Q

is the situation of a region constant or does it change with the times

A

changes with the times

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46
Q

how has Rome’s situation changed over time

A

it was the center of the roman empire, but when the roman empire dissolved, it developed into the center of the roman catholic church, which it still is today. when the renaissance and industrial revolution happened, rome was no longer the scientific, political, and economic focal point of the country

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47
Q

what is urban morphology

A

the layout of a city in its physical form and structure

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48
Q

what shape did greeks - and, following in Greece’s example, the Romans - plan their colonial cities in

A

a rectangular grid pattern

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49
Q

what is the functional zonation of a city

A

when we add the purpose or use of buildings to the map of morphology; reveals how different areas or segments of a city serve different purpose of functions within a city

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50
Q

what is an example of functional zonation

A

the romans took the greek acropolis and agora and combined then into one zone: forum

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51
Q

what was the forum

A

served as the focal point of Roman public life

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52
Q

when were the middle ages

A

spanned from 500-1300 ish

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53
Q

what was the urban development of europe like in the first 2/3 of the middle ages

A

little urban growth occurred and in some parts of the continent urbanism went into sharp decline; if it did occur it happened on sites of oases and stops on the silk route

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54
Q

what was urbanization like outside of Europe during the middle ages

A

in west africa, trading cities developed, timbuktu was a major city
the mayan and aztec empires grew

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55
Q

where were most cities located before european exploration

A

trade routes on the interiors of continents

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56
Q

what happened to the situation of cities when european exploration ushered in an era of world-wide trade

A

cities that were crucial in interior trading routes were now being left out; coastal cities gained prominence

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57
Q

how did europes new trade networks affect them

A

brought unprecedented riches to europes medieval cities; central square became the focus of the city, streets leading to those central cities formed arteries of commerce and the beginnings of “downtowns” emerged

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58
Q

how did the industrial revolution affect european cities

A

they had to adapt to the mushrooming populations, the proliferation of factories and supply facilities, the expansion of transport systems, and the construction of tenements for the growing labor force

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59
Q

which mercantile cities were most likely to turn into industrial cities

A

most industrial cities grew from small villages or along canal and river routes

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60
Q

what was the primary determinant in the location of early industrial cities

A

proximity to a power source

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61
Q

how did industrialization change cities

A

factories engulfed private homes
open spaces became garbage dumps
elegant housing became overcrowded slums
sanitation systems failed, water was polluted
the railroad allowed cities not near coal fields to industrialize
railroad tracks knifed right through neighborhoods
living and working conditions were dreadful
child labor
health conditions were terrible
ton of pollution
work-related injuries were common

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62
Q

how did marx and engels fix some of the problems caused by industrialization

A

encouraged workers of the world to unite, and conditions gradually improved

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63
Q

how did the nature of manufacturing change in the 2nd half of the 20th century

A

cities repositioned factories away from overcrowded urban areas
companies abandoned large warehouses creating rust belts that still stand vacant today

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64
Q

what do site and situation help explain

A

why certain cities were planned and why cities thrive or fail

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65
Q

what is a trade area

A

a region adjacent to a town within which its influence is dominant

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66
Q

what is the rank-size rule

A

the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

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67
Q

which two countries city’s follow rank-size rule?

A

germany, portugal

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68
Q

what are the effects of the rank size rule

A
  • creation of a megalopolis (concentrated chain of cities)
  • As populations grow, more Great Cities (pop over 1 mil)
  • Development of more metropolitan areas
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69
Q

what is a primate city

A

commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant

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70
Q

what are examples of primate cities

A

bangkok
london
budapest

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71
Q

what are factors encouraging primacy

A

Favorable advantages for site
Advantages maintained and enhanced
Magnetic attraction for businesses, services, and people (cumulative effect)
Disproportionate growth increases attractiveness
Has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth and natural and human resources

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72
Q

cons of primacy

A

Super crowded cities that can’t be maintain

Sanitation, pollution, crime

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73
Q

what city as burgess’s concentric zone model based on

A

chicago

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74
Q

what were the 5 zones in the concentric zone model

A
  1. CBD
  2. Zone in transition
  3. zone of workingmen’s homes
  4. residential zone
  5. commuter zone
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75
Q

describe the CBD in burgess’s concentric zone model

A

1st zone
expensive to live/own a business there
center of political, cultural, and economic life

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76
Q

describe the zone in transition of burgess’s concentric zone model

A

zone 2 - Encircling the downtown area there is normally an area of transition, which is being invaded by businesses and light manufacturing

  • Low rent
  • Slum and badlands of city
  • Zone of poverty degradation and disease
  • Underworld
  • Immigrants
  • Ethnic enclaves
  • First drawing has factory zone bc they can get cheap labor (bc they cant get transportation to faraway places and they need jobs) & cheap rent
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77
Q

describe the zone of workingmen’s homes in burgess’s concentric zone model

A

zone 3
Inhabited by the workers in industries who have escaped from areas of deterioration but who want to have easy access to their work

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78
Q

describe the residential zone in burgess’s concentric zone model

A

zone 4
Beyond zone of workingmen’s homes
High class apartment buildings
Exclusive districts of single family homes

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79
Q

describer the commuter zone in burgess’s concentric zone model

A

zone 5
High cost of living, nice homes, suburban areas
Still farther out beyond the city limits is the commuter’s zone - suburban areas or satellite cities - within a 30 to 60 minute ride of the CBD

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80
Q

what wast the significance of circles in burgess’s concentric zone model

A

it says that everything grows out in the same way

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81
Q

what are the 5 sectors in hoyt’s sector model

A
  1. CBD
  2. wholesale, light manufacturing
  3. low class residential
  4. medium class residential
  5. high class residential
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82
Q

are zones separated by economic class in burgess’s concentric zone model

A

yes

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83
Q

because circles mean everything grows out in the same way, what did this mean for the services in the city according to the concentric zone model

A

similar activities are similar distances from the CBD

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84
Q

are the sectors separated by economic class in hoyt’s sector model

A

yes

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85
Q

was there a lot of interaction between classes in hoyt’s sector model

A

no

86
Q

what happened because there was not a lot of interaction between classes in hoyt’s sector model

A 
sectors became racialized because of class
also "across the tracks syndrome"
87
Q

how were the sectors designated in the sector model

A

along transportation lines

88
Q

how did the zones grow out in the hoyt sector model

A

in sectors/wedges

89
Q

what was unique about harris and pullman’s multiple nuclei model

A

it included the development of multiple business districts

90
Q

where did harris and ullman say new business districts would form

A

near transportation

91
Q

what were christaller’s assumptions when developing central place theory

A
  1. the surface of the ideal region would be flat and have no physical barriers
  2. soil fertility would be the same everywhere
  3. population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed
  4. the region would have a uniform transportation network to permit direct travel from each settlement to the other
  5. from any given place, a good or service coddle sold in all directions out to a certain distance
92
Q

what is range

A

the distance people are willing to travel to use a service

93
Q

what is threshold

A

number of people needed to keep the service in business

94
Q

why did christaller use hexagons

A

so no area would be untouched and no areas would be overlapping

95
Q

what is the urban hierarchy of settlements based on in central place theory

A

the functions available in a given settlement

96
Q

describe the central place theory

A

central places are nested, so the largest central place provides the greatest number of functions to most of the region. within the trade area of the largest central place, a series of larger towns would provide functions to several smaller places. the smaller places would then provide fewer central functions to a smaller service area

97
Q

what are hinterlands

A

areas outside the central place that people from to use thing inside the central place

98
Q

what does every urban center have

A

an economic reach

99
Q

are central places in competition with each other?

A

yes, central places compete with each other to provide goods and services

100
Q

what is the hierarchy of settlements

A

hamlets, villages, towns, cities; A city has the same goods and services as everyone, a town has the same as a village and a hamlet, and town has a the same as a hamlet, and a hamlet has the least

101
Q

what are the distinct points about central place theory

A

The larger the settlement, the less there are of them, the further apart they are
The less there are of a settlement, the larger the hinterland, or sphere of influence, of its goods and services - ex: cities have larger influence than towns
Places of the same size will be spaced the same distance apart

102
Q

what do christaller’s studies confirm

A

the distribution of cities, towns, and villages in a region is not an accident but is tied to trade areas, population size, and distance

103
Q

what affects market size

A

Population
Demand
Threshold
Economic factors

104
Q

why would there be gaps in a market area

A

People don’t want the service
the wealth of the people in the area favors a different type of service
Not a lot of people
A lot similar services already there
in an area that does not favor the service

105
Q

what factors influence where people will stop

A

What side of the road

What kind of necessity it is - what people will be willing to drive for

106
Q

what is the sun belt phenomenon

A

taken place over the last 4 decades, the movement of millions of americans from northern and northeastern states to the south and southwest

107
Q

why did movement to the sun belt happen

A

old people retiring
deliberate governmental economic and social policies that favor “sun belt” cities through federal spending on military, space, and research facilities

108
Q

what did the central place theory predict would happen when millions of people migrated to the sun belt

A

some existing cities would respond by increasing their production of technological goods and services, increasing their economic reach and bypassing others

109
Q

what happened when millions of people migrated to the sun belt

A

atlanta, dallas, and phoenix became headquarter cities for large regions, moving up in the urban hierarchy
charlotte, tampa, san antonio, and tuscan also rose, but took secondary status

110
Q

what is functional zonation

A

the division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions)

111
Q

what is a central city

A

describes the urban area that is not suburban; refer to the older city as opposed to the newer suburbs

112
Q

what is a suburb

A

an outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area and is often, but not always, adjacent of the central city; most are residential, but some have other land uses like schools, malls, office parks

113
Q

what is suburbanization

A

the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized as people from the cities move to these spaces; rapidly create distinct urban regions complete with industrial, commercial, and educational components

114
Q

what does the aesthetic of a suburb reveal

A

the occupants’ idealized living patterns because their layout can be planned in response to choice and demand

115
Q

what are edge cities

A

suburban downtowns that developed in the 70s and 80s when suburbanization exploded around new transportation corridors; they were located near freeway intersections and developed mainly around big regional shopping centers and attracted industrial parks, office complexes, hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities, and even sports stadiums; offered all the elements of a complete urban environment which loosened remaining ties to the central city and to other suburban areas as well

116
Q

what were “colonial cities”

A

urban areas where european transplants dominated the form of the city, laying it out in western styles

117
Q

what were “indigenous cities”

A

remained remote from globalizing influences and various forms of the western city

118
Q

what are megacities

A

primate cities in developing countries that have a large population, a vast territorial extent, rapid in-migration, and a strained, inadequate infrastructure

119
Q

what are examples of edge cities

A

Tysons Corner, VA; Irvine, CA

120
Q

what are examples of megacities

A

Mumbai, India (has more people than the country of australia
São palo, Brazil (covers more land than the country of belgium)
Kinshasa, The Congo ( fastest growing city in Africa)
Jakarta, Indonesia (largest city in the world without a subway or metro system)
Mexico City, Mexico

121
Q

what is the griffin-ford model

A

a model of the south american city; south american cities blend traditional elements of southern american culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones

122
Q

are south american cities separated by economic class

A

yes

123
Q

what are zoning laws

A

define areas of the city and designate the kind of development allowed in each zone

124
Q

what city is described as the best panned city in North America

A

Portland

125
Q

why is portland described as the best planned city in north america

A
  • built around free transportation in the central city to discourage the use of cars
  • compact city with office building and residential zones in close proximity to encourage walking, biking, and public transporation
126
Q

what is the only large city that does not have zoning laws

A

Houston

127
Q

how do people shape cities

A

by choosing to live in certain neighborhoods and by opening stores, houses of worship, and sporting fields that reflect the value of their culture

128
Q

where are many of the worlds most populous cities located

A

in the less prosperous parts of the world

129
Q

what are some of the worlds most populous cities

A

São palo, Brazil; Mexico City, Mexico; Mumbai, India; Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dehli, India

130
Q

why do people migrate to cities

A

in response to “pull” factors that are often more imaginary than real

131
Q

why are cities in the economic periphery so crowded/run down

A

the overcrowding and dismal conditions do not deter urban migration, and new arrivals come from other cities and towns and from the rural countryside, often as large families; housing cant keep up with the massive inflow

132
Q

how does having no zoning laws affect cities in the periphery

A
  • have mixed land use throughout the city; this leads to squatter settlements between high rise buildings, and schools and polluting factories side by side
133
Q

what is one trait all major cities display across the global periphery

A

the stark contrast between the wealthy and they poor

134
Q

what is one way people make cities

A

remaking them, reinventing neighborhoods, or changing layouts to reflect current goals and aesthetics

135
Q

what is redlining

A

a now illegal practice that financial institutions would do during segregation that would cause neighborhoods to become increasingly rundown because funds were not available for upkeep or to purchase homes for sale; they identified what they considered to be risky neighborhoods, which were often black neighborhoods and refused to offer loans to anyone looking to purchase a house in that neighborhood

136
Q

what was blockbusting

A

when realtors would purposefully sell a house in a white neighborhood to a black family at a very low price. they would then solicit white residents to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood was going downhill bc a black family had moved in

137
Q

what did blockbusting produce

A

white flight

138
Q

what was white flight

A

movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to the outlying suburbs;

139
Q

what did white flight lead to

A

a significant turnover in housing which greatly benefitted real estate agents
prompted land owners to sell their houses at low prices to get out of the neighborhood quickly, which allowed developers to subdivide lots and build tenements; these weren’t contained well and the property value dropped even further

140
Q

why do people in core countries leave the CBD to live in suburbs

A

single-family homes
yards
better schools
safety

141
Q

why do governments lose tax revenue due to suburbanization

A

middle and upper class tax payers leave the city and pay taxes in the suburbs instead

142
Q

what are city governments doing to counter the suburbanization trend

A

Encouraging commercialization of the CBD and gentrification of neighborhoods in and around the CBD

143
Q

what do the plans that city governments draft to revive central cities usually involve

A

cleaning streets, sidewalks, and buildings; tearing down old, abandoned buildings; building up commercial offices and residences; commercialization of CBDs

144
Q

how have city governments commercialized CBDs

A

transformed it into an area attractive to both residents and tourists; ex: miami, new york, and baltimore have created waterfront theme to areas to attract visitors; detroit and minneapolis built/useed tax incentives to attract professional sports stadiums; newly commercialized downtowns often stand apart from the rest of the central city

145
Q

what is gentrification

A

the rehab of houses in older neighborhoods to raise the property value

146
Q

where did gentrification in the US begin

A

san francisco, Portland, chicago

147
Q

what has caused the growing interest in central city housing in the US

A
  • the proportion of childless couples (gay and straight) and single people are growing; they often choose to live in cities bc the suburbs do not look as attractive to them as they do to families with young children; gentrified city neighborhoods attract residents who want to live near where they work and to cultural, entertainment, and rec activities, nightlife and restaurants
148
Q

what tends to happen to low income residents in gentrified neighborhoods

A

they get displaced because property taxes rise as land value rises and the cost of goods and services in the neighborhood rise as well

149
Q

what are teardowns

A

homes intended for suburban demolition to then be rebuilt into something bigger

150
Q

what are mcmansions

A

new mansions that are supersize and have a similar look

151
Q

how are teardown similar to gentrification

A

it changes the landscape and increases average housing values, tax revenue for the city, and the average household income of the neighborhood

152
Q

how are teardowns different from gentrification

A 
the original houses are destroyed instead of preserved 
teardowns often occur in middle class and wealthy suburbs (ex: greenwich, CT; hinsdale, IL)
153
Q

what do those in favor of teardowns argue

A

that it slows urban sprawl

154
Q

what do those opposed to tear owns argue

A

the new houses are too large for the lots and it destroys the character of the street

155
Q

what is urban sprawl

A

unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

156
Q

what is the difference between cities that grew before vs after the automobile

A

before grew up instead of out

ex: boston

157
Q

what has to happen for urban sprawl to happen

A

farmlands and old industrial sites are razed, roads are built or widened, strip malls are erected, housing developments monopolize the horizon

158
Q

does urban sprawl happen even in urban areas without significant population growth

A

yes

159
Q

what did people do to counter urban sprawl

A

outlined an urban design vision they call new urbanism

160
Q

what is new urbanism

A

development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

161
Q

what do new urbanists want to create

A

neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and place

162
Q

what are the most famous new urbanist projects

A

celebration, FL; seaside, florida; west laguna, california; kent lands, MD

163
Q

what are two goals of new urbanist designs

A

to build housing more densely to take up less space and make amenities walkable to decrease dependency on cars which helps the environment
to incorporate diverse people in a community

164
Q

what does her urbanism do with public spaces

A

makes them privatized for the enjoyment of the few

165
Q

what is some of the biggest critiques of new urbanism

A

it does nothing to break down the social conditions that privilege some while disadvantaging others
take away much of the grittiness and character of the city
the “communities” formed are exclusionary and deepen the racial segregation of cities

166
Q

what are gated communities

A

fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates for people and automobiles

167
Q

what is the main objective of a gated community

A

to create a space of safety within the uncertain urban world

168
Q

what is a secondary objective of gated communities

A

maintain or increase housing values in the neighborhood through enforcement of the neighborhood association’s bylaws that control everything from the color of a house to the character and size of additions

169
Q

what is a unique aspect of gated communities in south africa

A

threatens the desegregation in a post-apartheid country

170
Q

what sets apart gated communities in china

A

they are 5 to 10 times more densely populated than those in europe or NA
they also have a long history of gated communities

171
Q

how are gated communities helping middle and lower classes in Europe and NA

A

some urban planners have encouraged governments to recast low-income housing as small communities, gated from one another, in order to reduce the flow through traffic and crime; they want to create a sense of community and make the spaces defensible from undesired activities

172
Q

what is an example of a middle class neighborhood that was gated

A

Dayton, OH

173
Q

ethnic neighborhoods in european cities are typically affiliated with what kind of people

A

migrants from former colonies

174
Q

where do most of the migrants to european cities come from

A

the global periphery or eastern europe, not from other countries in western europe

175
Q

why are european cities typically more compact, densely populated, and walkable than our cities?

A

bc they are much older and when they were laid out they were designed for foot and horse traffic, not cars

176
Q

what is the focal point of downtown in european cities

A

a historic city center

177
Q

what does housing look like in a european city

A

it is often combined with places of work; large zones of housing typically begin in a ring around the outside of the city center (brugess’s zone of transition; post WW2 public housing was around the city center

178
Q

where do immigrants live in Brussels, Belgium

A

privately owned rentals throughout the city; immigrants from rural regions tend to cluster in ethnic neighborhoods; immigrant groups from cities choose rental units scattered throughout the city

179
Q

where do immigrants live in Amsterdam

A

in the public housing zone - regulated by dutch government; creates multicultural housing and neighborhoods

180
Q

how do ethnic groups maintain their local cultures in amsterdam

A

through religious and cultural organizations rather than through residential segregation

181
Q

what do cities in the periphery and semi periphery look like

A

a sea of slum development typically begins where the permanent buildings end

182
Q

where do migrants live in periphery and semi periphery countries

A

in dangerous places or simply in the streets

183
Q

how are the slums of cities in poorer parts of the world ethnically organized

A

they ate ethnically delineated

184
Q

how does geography play a major role in the relationships among ethnic components of a former colonial city

A

the settlement patterns of cities developed during the colonial period often persist long after

185
Q

what is the informal economy

A

the economy that is not taxes and is not counted towards a country’s gross national income; low income people doing any work they can for money

186
Q

why does the informal economy worry governments

A

bc it is a record less economy and no taxes are paid; remittences are delivered in cash

187
Q

what did mumbai india look like before globalization

A

strong segregation of local and foreign activities, high levels of functional specialization and concentration, well marked european business district containing mostly british companies, zoning and building codes were strictly enforced, traditional markets and bazaars were separated from the european district

188
Q

what does mumbai look like after globalization

A

now has a global CBD with foreign corps, multi-national companies, linked mainly to global economy; former european town now has large presence of big domestic companies

189
Q

what are world cities

A

they function at the global scale, beyond the reach of state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy

190
Q

what are the most important world cities

A

new york, london, tokyo

191
Q

what are producer services

A

integral to the processes of globalization

192
Q

what does it mean that cities are being turned into spaces of consumption

A

media corporations are helping transform urban centers into major entertainment districts where items are consumed
ex: times square, potsdamer platz in berlin

193
Q

what are shantytowns

A

unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities

194
Q

what structural elements are common among many south american cities

A

The disamenity sector and a ring highway (periférico)

195
Q

what is the disamenity sector

A

the very poorest parts of the city that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords; contain relatively unchanging slums known as barrios or favelas

196
Q

what does the griffin-ford model reflect

A

the enormous differences between the spaces of privilege and the spaces of abject poverty within south american cities

197
Q

what continent has the world’s fastest growing cities

A

africa

198
Q

how many CBDs do central african cities have

A

3 (colonial, traditional, market)

199
Q

what is the mcgee model

A

for southeast asian cities

200
Q

what is the focal point of southeast asian cities

A

the old colonial port zone combined with the largely commercial district that surrounds it

201
Q

what is unique about southeast asian cities

A

there are no CBDs

202
Q

how are the McGee and griffin-ford models similar

A

the residential zones, the hybrid structure of sectors and zones, an elite residential sectors that includes new suburbs, an inner city zone of middle-income housing, and peripheral low-income squatter settlements

203
Q

do southeast asian cities have a larger middle class

A

yes

204
Q

do south american cities have a smaller middle class

A

yes

205
Q

what can happen to make a place ripe for gentrification

A

natural disasters

deindustrialization

206
Q

what do natural disasters and deindustrialization create

A

Low-income areas
Homelessness
Vacant buildings
Higher levels of crime

207
Q

what is urbanization

A

shift of population from rural to urban

208
Q

why is less of the developing world urbanized

A

in developing countries they still need more farmers bc they have less technology

209
Q

what are the causes of urbanization

A 
Job opportunities in cities
transportation/infrastructure
Abundance of resources
International immigration
Pop culture
210
Q

what are the effects of urbanization

A 
Overpopulation
- sanitation/health
- Poverty
- Joblessness
Expansion of cities
- Growth of new cities
Environmental degradation

History (19 decks)

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