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History > human geo ch 11 > Flashcards

human geo ch 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is organic agriculture

A

the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

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2
Q

what is agriculture

A

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel

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3
Q

what are primary economic activities

A

economic activities that involve the extraction of economically valuable products from the earth, including agriculture, ranching, hunting and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying

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4
Q

what are secondary economic activities

A

activities that take a primary product and change it into something else such as toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings

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5
Q

what is the principle secondary economic activity

A

manufacturing

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6
Q

what are tertiary economic activities

A

service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs

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7
Q

what are examples of jobs in the tertiary sector

A

bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, salespeople, clerks, secretaries

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8
Q

what are quaternary economic activities

A

services concerned with information or the exchange of money or goods

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9
Q

what are quinary economic activities

A

services tied to research or higher education

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10
Q

what were the most common means of subsistence throughout the world before the advent of agriculture

A

hunting, gathering, and fishing

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11
Q

how many hunter-gatherers still exist today

A

about 250,000

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12
Q

what was a crucial innovation in the tools that hunter gatherers used

A

the use of bone and stone into the development of spears and axes

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13
Q

in addition to tools, what was another important early achievement of human communities

A

the controlled used of fire

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14
Q

what are root crops

A

crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants

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15
Q

what are seed crops

A

plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds

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16
Q

what marked the beginning of the first agricultural revolution

A

the cultivation of seed crops

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17
Q

where did the first agricultural revolution begin

A

southwest asia (fertile crescent)

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18
Q

what changes occurred along with plant domestication

A
  • the plants themselves changed bc people would choose seeds from the largest, healthiest plants to save for planting, yielding domesticated plants that grew larger over time than their counterparts in the wild
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19
Q

what are the main points of the first agricultural revolution

A
  • 11,000 years ago in fertile crescent
  • Domestication of plants allows for stability
  • People don’t need to move → population grows
  • Culture can develop (politics/class system)
  • Idea (seed planting) can diffuse to other places
  • Domestication of animals
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20
Q

what are the advantages of animal domestication

A

their use as beasts of burden, a meat source, and milk source

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21
Q

how do our domestic versions of animals differ from those first kept by our ancestors

A

they are smaller because in early animal domestication people chose the more docile, smaller animals to breed

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22
Q

what is subsistence agriculture

A

growing only enough food to survive

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23
Q

why did subsistence agriculture decline during the 1900s

A
  • the diffusion of industrialized agriculture

- the goal of constantly increasing production both to feed growing populations and to sell more agricultural goods

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24
Q

why has there been a return to subsistence agriculture in parts of the world

A

some farmers feel production for the global market has not benefited them financially or culturally

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25
Q

what is shifting cultivation

A

a form of agriculture, used especially in tropical Africa, in which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.

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26
Q

what did shifting cultivation allow ancient farmers to do

A
  • experiment with various plants
  • learn the effects of weeding and crop care
  • cope with environmental vagaries
  • discern the decreased fertility of soil after sustained farming
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27
Q

what types of populations practice shifting agriculture

A

those with low population densities

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28
Q

what is slash and burn agriculture

A

a type of shifting agriculture in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned. The resulting layer of ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich layer to help fertilize crops.

29
Q

when did the second agricultural revolution happen in the Europe and North America

A

mid 1800s to early 1900s

30
Q

what new technologies developed during the 2nd AR

A

seed drill
fertilizers
mechanical reaper
advancements of breeding livestock

31
Q

how was the development of the railroad significant to the 2nd AR

A

allowed food to move from rural to urban areas

32
Q

how was the development of the combustible engine significant to the second AR

A

led to Improvements in farm equipment (tractors, combines)

33
Q

why didn’t the 2nd AR happen everywhere

A 
Lack of education
Wars, famine, etc
Isolated places
inability/lack of access to trade/sell
Places with not enough arable land
34
Q

what is commercial farming

A

producing or growing food for selling purposes

35
Q

why was the surplus of food creating in the 2nd AR significant

A

allowed for the shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming

36
Q

what were the assumptions of von thunen’s concentric zone model of agriculture

A 
Land is flat
No barrier to transportation
soil/environmental conditions are similar
City is self-sufficient
All transportation is by foot
Farmers try to maximize profit
37
Q

what was in the center circle of von thunen’s model

A

the market/city

38
Q

what was in the second circle of von thunen’s model

A

dairy b/c it can go bad

39
Q

what was in the third circle of von thunen’s model

A

lumber, expensive to move b/c so big and heavy

40
Q

what was in the fourth circle of von thunen’s model

A

wheat and grains, light, easy to move

41
Q

what was in the fifth circle of von thunen’s model

A

livestock, can move itself

42
Q

what was the goal of the third agricultural revolution

A

to eliminate hunger

43
Q

when did the third agricultural revolution start

A

1970s and 1980s

44
Q

why were hybrid seeds developed

A

they grow faster, grow stronger, and resist weather so a lot more grow in a shorter amount of time

45
Q

what were the two major developments of the 3rd agricultural revolution

A

hybrid seeds and more fertilizers

46
Q

what is a GMO

A

genetically modified organism

47
Q

how has the amount of farmers and farms changed since the 3rd agricultural revolution

A

Fewer farmers, fewer farms, more corporations owning things

48
Q

what are the pros of the 3rd AR

A

Produce more food
Food is cheaper
Less hunger

49
Q

what are the cons of the 3rd AR

A

Not natural
We don’t know effects of GMOs
Bad for environment
Still create inequalities based on development
Quality of life for animals
The meat we eat is being fed GMOs
Animals are bigger bc were giving them steroids

50
Q

what is another name for the 3rd AR

A

the green revolution

51
Q

how has the 3rd AR affected relations between men and women in gambia

A

the wetlands have been converted to agricultural lands so that rice can be produced year round. this has caused tensions within rural households bc the land women used to use for family subsistence was turned into commercialized farming plots. women also found that they had less time for other activities needed for household maintenance

52
Q

how are modern-day hunter gatherers pressured to settle in one place

A

organizations dig wells or build medical buildings, permanent houses, or schools for hunter gatherers

53
Q

how did european powers seek to end subsistence farming in their colonies

A
  • demanded farmers pay some taxes, forcing them to sell their food to make the cash
  • compelled farmers to devote some land to a crop to be sold on the world market, thus bringing them into the commercial economy
  • encouraged commercial farming by conducting soil surveys, building irrigation systems, and establishing lending agencies that provided loans to farmers
  • forced cropping schemes (requiring farmers to grow a specified acreage of a cash crop relative to how many acres they were growing food on for themselves)
54
Q

What were food cropping schemes

A

designed to solve the problem of the fact that it was hard for colonial powers to make the money they wanted from the subsistence farming areas; required farmers to grow a specified acreage of a cash crop relative to how many acres they were growing food on for themselves

55
Q

what were the consequences of food cropping schemes

A

severe famines and the disruption of local economies

56
Q

what is monoculture

A

dependence on a single agricultural commodity

57
Q

what is the koppen climate classification system

A

classifies the world’s climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

58
Q

what are climatic regions

A

areas with similar climatic characteristics

59
Q

what is plantation agriculture

A

when cash crops are grown on large estates

60
Q

where is plantation agriculture still seen today

A

middle and south america, africa, and south asia

61
Q

where does commercial dairying take place

A

northeastern US and northwestern europe

62
Q

where does commercial fruit, truck, and specialized crop agriculture take place

A

eastern and southeastern US, and in central asia and the sahara in oases

63
Q

where does mixed livestock and crop farming take place

A

eastern united states, western europe, western russia, uruguay, brazil, and south africa

64
Q

where does commercial grain farming take place

A

southern canada, the dakotas, montana, nebraska, kansas

65
Q

where does livestock ranching take place

A

US, canada, mexico, brazil, argentina, australia, new zealand, and south africa

66
Q

why are southeast asian farmers still considered subsistence farmers despite the regions significant rice exports

A

bc the rice is grown on small plots with a lot of labor

67
Q

what are cash crops

A

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

68
Q

what are luxury crops

A

Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

69
Q

what is agribusiness

A

an encompassing terms for the businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

History (19 decks)

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