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human geo ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is organic agriculture

A

the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

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2
Q

what is agriculture

A

the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel

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3
Q

what are primary economic activities

A

economic activities that involve the extraction of economically valuable products from the earth, including agriculture, ranching, hunting and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying

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4
Q

what are secondary economic activities

A

activities that take a primary product and change it into something else such as toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings

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5
Q

what is the principle secondary economic activity

A

manufacturing

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6
Q

what are tertiary economic activities

A

service industries that connect producers to consumers and facilitate commerce and trade or help people meet their needs

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7
Q

what are examples of jobs in the tertiary sector

A

bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, salespeople, clerks, secretaries

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8
Q

what are quaternary economic activities

A

services concerned with information or the exchange of money or goods

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9
Q

what are quinary economic activities

A

services tied to research or higher education

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10
Q

what were the most common means of subsistence throughout the world before the advent of agriculture

A

hunting, gathering, and fishing

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11
Q

how many hunter-gatherers still exist today

A

about 250,000

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12
Q

what was a crucial innovation in the tools that hunter gatherers used

A

the use of bone and stone into the development of spears and axes

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13
Q

in addition to tools, what was another important early achievement of human communities

A

the controlled used of fire

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14
Q

what are root crops

A

crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants

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15
Q

what are seed crops

A

plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds

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16
Q

what marked the beginning of the first agricultural revolution

A

the cultivation of seed crops

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17
Q

where did the first agricultural revolution begin

A

southwest asia (fertile crescent)

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18
Q

what changes occurred along with plant domestication

A
  • the plants themselves changed bc people would choose seeds from the largest, healthiest plants to save for planting, yielding domesticated plants that grew larger over time than their counterparts in the wild
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19
Q

what are the main points of the first agricultural revolution

A
  • 11,000 years ago in fertile crescent
  • Domestication of plants allows for stability
  • People don’t need to move → population grows
  • Culture can develop (politics/class system)
  • Idea (seed planting) can diffuse to other places
  • Domestication of animals
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20
Q

what are the advantages of animal domestication

A

their use as beasts of burden, a meat source, and milk source

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21
Q

how do our domestic versions of animals differ from those first kept by our ancestors

A

they are smaller because in early animal domestication people chose the more docile, smaller animals to breed

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22
Q

what is subsistence agriculture

A

growing only enough food to survive

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23
Q

why did subsistence agriculture decline during the 1900s

A
  • the diffusion of industrialized agriculture

- the goal of constantly increasing production both to feed growing populations and to sell more agricultural goods

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24
Q

why has there been a return to subsistence agriculture in parts of the world

A

some farmers feel production for the global market has not benefited them financially or culturally

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25
what is shifting cultivation
a form of agriculture, used especially in tropical Africa, in which an area of ground is cleared of vegetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally restored.
26
what did shifting cultivation allow ancient farmers to do
- experiment with various plants - learn the effects of weeding and crop care - cope with environmental vagaries - discern the decreased fertility of soil after sustained farming
27
what types of populations practice shifting agriculture
those with low population densities
28
what is slash and burn agriculture
a type of shifting agriculture in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned. The resulting layer of ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich layer to help fertilize crops.
29
when did the second agricultural revolution happen in the Europe and North America
mid 1800s to early 1900s
30
what new technologies developed during the 2nd AR
seed drill fertilizers mechanical reaper advancements of breeding livestock
31
how was the development of the railroad significant to the 2nd AR
allowed food to move from rural to urban areas
32
how was the development of the combustible engine significant to the second AR
led to Improvements in farm equipment (tractors, combines)
33
why didn't the 2nd AR happen everywhere
``` Lack of education Wars, famine, etc Isolated places inability/lack of access to trade/sell Places with not enough arable land ```
34
what is commercial farming
producing or growing food for selling purposes
35
why was the surplus of food creating in the 2nd AR significant
allowed for the shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming
36
what were the assumptions of von thunen's concentric zone model of agriculture
``` Land is flat No barrier to transportation soil/environmental conditions are similar City is self-sufficient All transportation is by foot Farmers try to maximize profit ```
37
what was in the center circle of von thunen's model
the market/city
38
what was in the second circle of von thunen's model
dairy b/c it can go bad
39
what was in the third circle of von thunen's model
lumber, expensive to move b/c so big and heavy
40
what was in the fourth circle of von thunen's model
wheat and grains, light, easy to move
41
what was in the fifth circle of von thunen's model
livestock, can move itself
42
what was the goal of the third agricultural revolution
to eliminate hunger
43
when did the third agricultural revolution start
1970s and 1980s
44
why were hybrid seeds developed
they grow faster, grow stronger, and resist weather so a lot more grow in a shorter amount of time
45
what were the two major developments of the 3rd agricultural revolution
hybrid seeds and more fertilizers
46
what is a GMO
genetically modified organism
47
how has the amount of farmers and farms changed since the 3rd agricultural revolution
Fewer farmers, fewer farms, more corporations owning things
48
what are the pros of the 3rd AR
Produce more food Food is cheaper Less hunger
49
what are the cons of the 3rd AR
Not natural We don’t know effects of GMOs Bad for environment Still create inequalities based on development Quality of life for animals The meat we eat is being fed GMOs Animals are bigger bc were giving them steroids
50
what is another name for the 3rd AR
the green revolution
51
how has the 3rd AR affected relations between men and women in gambia
the wetlands have been converted to agricultural lands so that rice can be produced year round. this has caused tensions within rural households bc the land women used to use for family subsistence was turned into commercialized farming plots. women also found that they had less time for other activities needed for household maintenance
52
how are modern-day hunter gatherers pressured to settle in one place
organizations dig wells or build medical buildings, permanent houses, or schools for hunter gatherers
53
how did european powers seek to end subsistence farming in their colonies
- demanded farmers pay some taxes, forcing them to sell their food to make the cash - compelled farmers to devote some land to a crop to be sold on the world market, thus bringing them into the commercial economy - encouraged commercial farming by conducting soil surveys, building irrigation systems, and establishing lending agencies that provided loans to farmers - forced cropping schemes (requiring farmers to grow a specified acreage of a cash crop relative to how many acres they were growing food on for themselves)
54
What were food cropping schemes
designed to solve the problem of the fact that it was hard for colonial powers to make the money they wanted from the subsistence farming areas; required farmers to grow a specified acreage of a cash crop relative to how many acres they were growing food on for themselves
55
what were the consequences of food cropping schemes
severe famines and the disruption of local economies
56
what is monoculture
dependence on a single agricultural commodity
57
what is the koppen climate classification system
classifies the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation
58
what are climatic regions
areas with similar climatic characteristics
59
what is plantation agriculture
when cash crops are grown on large estates
60
where is plantation agriculture still seen today
middle and south america, africa, and south asia
61
where does commercial dairying take place
northeastern US and northwestern europe
62
where does commercial fruit, truck, and specialized crop agriculture take place
eastern and southeastern US, and in central asia and the sahara in oases
63
where does mixed livestock and crop farming take place
eastern united states, western europe, western russia, uruguay, brazil, and south africa
64
where does commercial grain farming take place
southern canada, the dakotas, montana, nebraska, kansas
65
where does livestock ranching take place
US, canada, mexico, brazil, argentina, australia, new zealand, and south africa
66
why are southeast asian farmers still considered subsistence farmers despite the regions significant rice exports
bc the rice is grown on small plots with a lot of labor
67
what are cash crops
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
68
what are luxury crops
Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.
69
what is agribusiness
an encompassing terms for the businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

History (19 decks)

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