Human Development/Piaget's Cognitive Development

Question 0

Causal Reasoning

Answer 0

Ability to think logically about cause and effect. Preoperational children reason through transductive reasoning, where thought can cause action.

Question 1

Animism

Answer 1

Children believe that non-living objects have life-like qualities (imaginary friends). (2-4yrs, Preoperational)

Question 2

Causal Reasoning changes over time:

Answer 2

Level 1 (age 3) -Reality is defined by appearance: when I move, the clouds move too. 
Level 2 (age 5) -child appeals to an all-powerful force - God moves the clouds. 
Level 3 (age 7) -appeal to nature - the sun moves the clouds. 
Level 4 (age 10) -adult explanation - clouds move due to wind currents.

Question 3

Centrism

Answer 3

The tendency to focus on one piece of info at a time.(Child playing a game and it is time for bed. Child gets upset.)

Question 4

Information Processing

Answer 4

Think of the mind like a computer.

  * Encode information
  * Store information 
  * Retrieve information

Question 5

Meta cognition

Answer 5

Thinking about thinking

Question 6

Meta memory

Answer 6

Thinking about memory

Question 7

Object Permanence

Answer 7

Ability to realize that objects exist even when not seen (sensorimotor - 8 months)

Question 8

Reasoning (Formal Operations)

Answer 8

Hypothetical-Deductive reasoning - formulating a specific hypothesis from any given theory. This is done using a logical and systematic plan to work out the right solution after considering all of the consequences. (Formal Operations)
Ex.: The teacher always picks the two best athletes to be team captain, therefore I will not be picked.

Question 9

Inductive Reasoning (Concrete Operational)

Answer 9

Drawing a conclusion for specific examples to make a general conclusion, even when the conclusion is incorrect. (Concrete operational)
Ex.:  All of the girls in class get better grades than the the boys, therefore all girls are smarter than boys.

Question 10

Transductive reasoning (Preoperational)

Answer 10

Children mentally connect specific experiences, whether there is a logical causal relationship. (Preoperational)

Ex.: I was mean to my sister and then she got sick. Therefore, I caused her to get sick.

Question 11

Educational Implications of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development:

Answer 11

Alternative to Behavioral theorist. Children are not passive learners; they move actively through operational stages.
The learning process is predictable; children can be tested to see what stage they are moving through.
Children’s minds seek a state of equilibrium; at each stage children from a new way to operate and adapt to the world.
***By understanding Piaget’s stages, teachers can avoid presenting material that is beyond the child’s cognitive ability.

Question 12

Moral Development

Answer 12

Piaget addressed morality.

He believed there are two stages:

1) Morality of constraint
2) Morality of cooperation.

Question 13

Morality of Constraint (heteronomous) age 4-7

Answer 13

The moral world consists of justice and rules, which are unchangeable.

Question 14

Morality of Cooperation (autonomous) age 10

Answer 14

Rules are created by people and there are many variables when deciding what is right and wrong. Around age 10, the child begins to view each dilemma and consider the consequence before making a moral decision.