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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-8 Cranial Cavity > Flashcards

HS2-8 Cranial Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

The cranial cavity is subdivided into what three cranial fossae?

A

anterior cranial fossa (anterior to lesser wing of sphenoid)

middle cranial fossa (lesser wing of sphenoid to petrous part of temporal bone)

posterior cranial fossa (posterior to petrous part of temporal bone)

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the cranial dura mater?

A

external layer (attached to bone)

internal layer (forms dural reflections)

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of the cranial cavity formed by the dura mater?

A

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli

falx cerebelli

diaphragma sellae

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4
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

rigid partition between the cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

rigid partition that separates posterior and middle cranial fossae

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6
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

structure that partially separates the cerebellar hemispheres

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7
Q

What is the diaphragma sellae?

A

structure that forms roof over hypophyseal fossa

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8
Q

What structure is found between the two layers of dural reflections?

A

venous sinuses

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9
Q

What are the eight primary venous sinuses found in the cranial cavity?

A

superior sagittal

inferior sagittal

transverse

sigmoid

straight

superior petrosal

inferior petrosal

cavernous

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10
Q

The sigmoid sinuses drain into

A

the internal jugular veins

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11
Q

The inferior petrosal sinuses drain

A

the cavernous sinus into the jugular foramen

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12
Q

Label the following diagram.

A
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13
Q

How is the subarachnoid space of the cranial cavity continuous with the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord?

A

continuous via foramen magnum

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14
Q

Where is CSF formed in the cranial cavity?

A

formed in choroid plexuses of lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles of brain

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between CSF and arachnoid granulations.

A

CSF is partially absorbed by arachnoid granulations in dural sinuses, especially superior sagittal sinus

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16
Q

Nearly all venous drainage from the brain is conducted through the dural venous sinuses into the internal jugular vein. What are three collateral pathways of venous drainage from the brain?

A

ophthalmic veins (cavernous sinus to orbit to facial vein)

unnamed veins (cavernous sinus to pterygoid plexus to deep facial vein)

emissary veins (dural sinuses to diploë of cranial roof)

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17
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity?

A

enter posterior cranial fossa through foramen magnum

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18
Q

What happens to the vertebral arteries after they enter the cranial cavity via the posterior cranial fossa/foramen magnum?

A

vertebral arteries join to form basilar artery

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19
Q

How do the internal carotid arteries enter the cranial cavity?

A

enter via carotid canal

20
Q

What do the internal carotid arteries do after entering the cranial cavity?

A

gives off branches that contribute to the cerebral arterial circle

21
Q

What are the three cerebral arteries that provide the blood supply to the cortex and deeper parts of the cerebrum?

A

anterior cerebral artery

middle cerebral artery

posterior cerebral artery

22
Q

What is the primary arterial supply to the meninges?

A

middle meningeal artery

23
Q

The middle meningeal artery is a branch of

A

the maxillary artery

24
Q

How does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

enters middle cranial fossa through foramen spinosum

25
Q

Describe the volume composition of the cranial cavity.

A

brain tissue + interstitial fluid = 80%

CSF = 10%

vascular compartment = 10%

26
Q

What is a secondary brain injury?

A

movement of brain within cranial cavity that leads to tearing/rupture of blood vessels

27
Q

List three types of secondary brain injuries.

A

epidural bleeding

subdural bleeding

subarachnoid bleeding

28
Q

What is epidural bleeding?

A

bleeding between bone of skull and outer layer of dura

29
Q

What causes epidural bleeding?

A

rupture of meningeal artery, often the middle meningeal artery at pterion

30
Q

What is subdural bleeding?

A

bleeding between inner layer of dura and arachnoid

31
Q

What causes subdural bleeding?

A

rupture of bridging vein, which connects cerebral vein with dural sinus

32
Q

What is subarachnoid bleeding?

A

bleeding into the subarachnoid space

33
Q

What causes subarachnoid bleeding?

A

rupture of branch of a cerebral artery

34
Q

What is the relationship between the size of the vasculature of the brain and brain injuries?

A

increase in size of brain vasculature will set up pressure gradients within cranial cavity that can shift brain tissue

35
Q

What are four general features of secondary brain injuries?

A

damage occurs some time after primary injury

symptoms due to reduced brain and nerve activity

symptoms develop gradually

damage is treatable and reversible

36
Q

What are four specific features of secondary brain injuries?

A

gradual changes in behavior

severe headache

changes in respiration/BP/HR

changes in cranial nerve function

37
Q

What happens in a tentorial herniation?

A

oculomotor nerve is pressed against tentorial incisure

38
Q

What is the result of a tentorial herniation? (3)

A

results in:

dilation of pupil on same side

ptosis (drooping) of eyelid on same side

eyeball turned laterally

39
Q

What is the primary difference between the dura mater found in the cranial cavity and the dura mater found in the spinal cord?

A

dura mater in cranial cavity has two layers

40
Q

Between which layers of the meninges is CSF found?

A

between arachnoid mater and pia mater

41
Q

What are the two layers of the dural reflections?

A

periosteal

meningeal

42
Q

Draw a diagram of venous sinus flow in the cranial cavity.

A
43
Q

Vertebral arteries are a branch of

A

the subclavian artery

44
Q

The anterior and middle cerebral arteries are derived from

A

the internal carotid artery

45
Q

The posterior cerebral artery is derived from the

A

basilar artery

46
Q

A rupture of the middle meningeal artery eventually results in

A

an epidural hematoma

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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