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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-2 Posterior Triangle > Flashcards

HS2-2 Posterior Triangle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three compartments of the neck?

A

somatic neck

visceral neck

carotid sheath

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2
Q

Describe the composition of the somatic neck. (2)

A

vertebral column

muscles of posterior neck associated with vertebrae

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3
Q

Describe the composition of the visceral neck.

A

includes structures associated with feeding and respiration

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4
Q

What is another name for the visceral neck?

A

“gut neck”

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5
Q

Draw out a hierarchical diagram of the fasciae of the neck.

A
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6
Q

Describe superficial cervical fascia.

A

fatty connective tissue b/w dermis of skin and investing layer of deep cervical fascia

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7
Q

What is platysma?

A

broad thin sheet of muscle in subcutaneous cervical tissue of neck

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8
Q

What is the source of innervation for platysma?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

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9
Q

What is the function of platysma?

A

tenses skin and muscles of facial expression

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10
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath? (4)

A

common carotid artery

internal carotid artery

internal jugular vein

vagus nerve

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11
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space located?

A

between peritracheal and perivertebral layers of fascia

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12
Q

List the structures that comprise the skeleton/bones of the neck.

A

C1 (atlas)

C2 (axis)

C3-C6

C7 (a.k.a. vertebra prominens)

hyoid bone (which does not directly articulate with other bones)

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13
Q

List the structures that comprise the musculature of the neck.

A

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

suprahyoid

infrahyoid

scalenes (anterior/middle/posterior)

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14
Q

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

connects the head to upper extremities

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15
Q

Which muscle is the largest muscle producing head movement?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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16
Q

Describe how the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius contribute to the posterior triangle.

A

Sternocleidomastoid forms anterior boundary of posterior triangle

trapezius forms posterior boundary of posterior triangle

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17
Q

What innervates the sternocleidomastoid?

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

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18
Q

Describe the movements associated with the trapezius.

A

extension of neck and head

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19
Q

Describe the movements associated with the sternocleidomastoid. (2)

A

if contracted unilaterally = head turns contralaterally while raising chin

if contracted bilaterally = flexion of neck and extension of head

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20
Q

Where are the supra- and infrahyoid muscles located?

A

anterior triangle

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21
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles?

A

move the hyoid bone, larynx, and lower jaw

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22
Q

What is the source of innervation of the scalene muscles?

A

innervated by ventral primary rami of cervical spinal nerves

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23
Q

What is the function of the scalene muscles? (2)

A

flex neck anteriorly and laterally

assist in respiration

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24
Q

Order the musculature of the neck, from superficial to deep.

A

sternocleidomastoid/trapezius (superficial)

suprahyoid/infrahyoid

scalenes (anterior/middle/posterior)

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25
Q

What groups comprise the visceral structures?

A

endocrine group = thyroid and parathyroid glands

respiratory group = larynx and trachea

alimentary group = pharynx and esophagus

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26
Q

List the arterial structures associated with the neck.

A

common carotid artery

subclavian artery

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27
Q

Describe how the common carotid and subclavian arteries branch. (3)

A

common carotid → internal + external

subclavian → vertebral + thyrocervical trunk

thyrocervical trunk → suprascapular + transverse cervical + inferior thyroid

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28
Q

Describe the branching of the internal carotid artery.

A

no branches in the neck

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29
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply? (2)

A

brain

eye

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30
Q

Describe the branching of the external carotid artery.

A

has many branches in the neck

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31
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

A

supplies neck and head structures

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32
Q

What does the subclavian artery supply? (2)

A

supplies UEs + neck

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33
Q

Describe the branching of the vertebral artery.

A

no major branches in neck

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34
Q

What does the vertebral artery supply? (2)

A

supplies brain + spinal cord

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35
Q

What are the three major branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

suprascapular artery

transverse cervical artery

inferior thyroid artery

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36
Q

What does the suprascapular artery supply?

A

supplies shoulder region

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37
Q

What does the transverse cervical artery supply?

A

supplies superficial back

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38
Q

What does the inferior thyroid artery supply?

A

supplies thyroid gland

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39
Q

What are the three primary venous structures associated with the neck?

A

internal jugular vein

external jugular vein

subclavian vein

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40
Q

Describe the relationship between the internal jugular vein and the brain.

A

the internal jugular vein is the only source of drainage for the brain

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41
Q

What is the primary venous structure of the neck?

A

internal jugular vein

42
Q

Describe the relationship between the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein.

A

internal jugular vein joins with subclavian vein to form braciocephalic vein

43
Q

Describe the function of the external jugular vein.

A

drains most of scalp and side of face

44
Q

What is the ultimate fate of the external jugular vein?

A

empties into subclavian vein

45
Q

Explain the relationship between the subclavian vein and the axillary vein.

A

subclavian vein is the continuation of the axillary vein from the upper extremity

46
Q

What are the three types of nerves found in the neck?

A

cranial nerves

sympathetic neural structures

cervical spinal nerves

47
Q

What are the three cranial nerves that extend into the neck?

A

vagus nerve (CN X)

accessory nerve (CN XI)

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

48
Q

What functions do the cranial nerves found in the neck have? (3)

A

motor

sensory

parasympathetic

49
Q

How is the vagus nerve unique among the cranial nerves found in the neck?

A

it’s the only cranial nerve that runs completely through the neck

50
Q

How does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

A

via jugular foramen, then runs in carotid sheath

51
Q

Describe the parasympathetic, motor, and sensory functions of the vagus nerve.

A

parasympathetic = viscera of thorax and abdomen

motor = pharynx and larynx

sensory = pharynx and larynx

52
Q

How does the accessory nerve exit the skull?

A

through jugular foramen

53
Q

Describe the function of the accessory nerve.

A

motor innervation to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

54
Q

How does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?

A

through hypoglossal canal

55
Q

Describe the function of the hypoglossal nerve.

A

motor innervation to muscles of tongue

56
Q

Describe the contributions of the cervical spinal nerves.

A

lower four = form brachial plexus

upper four = form cervical plexus

57
Q

What structures form the boundary of the root of the neck?

A

first rib

manubrium

T1 vertebra

58
Q

Which muscles found in the root of the neck contribute to the head and neck? (3)

A

prevertebral muscles (including scalenes)

scalene muscles

infrahyoid muscles

59
Q

Apart from muscles, innervation, and vasculature, what specific structures found in the root of the neck make contributions to the head and neck? (3)

A

cervical vertebrae

trachea

esophagus

60
Q

Which bones in the root of the neck make contributions to the upper extremity? (2)

A

clavicle (sometimes not considered to be in the root of the neck)

manubrium

61
Q

Which vessels in the root of the neck make contributions to the upper extremity? (3, +2, +0, +2)

A
  • transverse cervical artery, which yields:
    • superficial cervical artery
    • dorsal scapular artery (30% of the time)
  • suprascapular artery
  • from thyrocervical trunk, which yields:
    • dorsal scapular artery (70% of the time)
    • subclavian artery
62
Q

What are the boundaries of the interscalene triangle? (2)

A

anterior and middle scalenes

first rib

63
Q

What are the contents of the interscalene triangle? (2)

A

brachial plexus

subclavian artery

64
Q

What blood vessel is located outside but is still associated with the interscalene triangle?

A

subclavian vein

65
Q

Apart from vasculature, which specific structures make contributions to the upper extremity? (4)

A

clavicle

manubrium

roots of brachial plexus

interscalene triangle

66
Q

Which bones make contributions to the thorax? (2)

A

first rib

manubrium

67
Q

Which visceral structures make contributions to the thorax? (5)

A

cupula

cervical pleura

thoracic duct

esophagus

trachea

68
Q

Which vessels make contributions to the thorax? (4)

A

internal thoracic artery

brachiocephalic trunk

right/left brachiocephalic veins

internal thoracic vein

69
Q

Which nerves make contributions to the thorax? (4)

A

phrenic nerve (C3/C4/C5)

vagus nerve

cervical sympathetic chain (middle cervical ganglion + stellate ganglion)

70
Q

In the context of innervation to the thorax, where is the phrenic nerve found?

A

on anterior aspect of anterior scalene

71
Q

In the context of innervation to the thorax, where is the stellate ganglion found?

A

deep to first rib

72
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A

clavicle (inferior border)

sternocleidomastoid (anterior border)

trapezius (posterior border)

73
Q

What structure separates the posterior and anterior triangles?

A

sternocleidomastoid

74
Q

What forms the roof of the posterior triangle?

A

investing layer of deep cervical fascia

75
Q

What forms the floor of the posterior triangle? (3)

A

perivertebral fascia covering middle + posterior scalenes

splenius capitis

levator scapulae

76
Q

Describe the relationship between the omohyoid muscle and the posterior triangle.

A

inferior belly of omohyoid runs across lower portion of triangle, separating the triangle into:

omoclavicular triangle (small, inferior)

occipital triangle (large, superior)

77
Q

Describe the relationship between the spinal accessory nerve and the posterior triangle.

A

spinal accessory nerve divides triangle into “careful” vs. “carefree” zones

78
Q

What are the three main nerves/nervous structures found in the posterior triangle?

A

spinal accessory nerve (CN X)

cervical plexus

brachial plexus

79
Q

Describe the function of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle.

A

motor innervation to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

80
Q

Describe the branching of the cervical plexus in the posterior triangle and the associated functions.

A

sensory:

great auricular nerve = sensory to region around ear

lesser occipital nerve = sensory to scalp

transverse cervical (colli) nerves = sensory to anterior triangle

supraclavicular nerve = sensory to posterior triangle

motor:

phrenic nerve = motor to diaphragm

81
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the area around the ear?

A

great auricular nerve

82
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the scalp?

A

lesser occipital nerve

83
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the anterior triangle?

A

transverse cervical (colli) nerves

84
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior triangle?

A

supraclavicular nerves

85
Q

What nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

86
Q

Describe the branching of the brachial plexus in the posterior triangle. (2)

A

ventral primary rami of C5-T1 give rise to roots and trunks

dorsal scapular nerve from brachial plexus root innervates rhomboids and levator scapulae

87
Q

What is the primary venous structure associated with the posterior triangle?

A

external jugular vein = drains most of scalp and side of face

88
Q

What are the three primary arteries associated with the posterior triangle?

A

transverse cervical artery

suprascapular artery

dorsal scapular artery

89
Q

In the context of the posterior triangle, what is the function of the transverse cervical artery?

A

supplies superficial muscles of back (via superficial cervical artery)

in 30% of cases, supplies rhomboids + levator scapulae via dorsal scapular artery

90
Q

In the context of the posterior triangle, what is the function of the suprascapular artery?

A

supplies muscles of shoulder region (i.e. supraspinatus and infraspinatus)

91
Q

The dorsal scapular nerve is contained in which triangle?

A

posterior triangle

92
Q

Describe the relationship between the brachial plexus and the scalene muscles.

A

brachial plexus runs between anterior and middle scalenes

93
Q

Describe the relationship between the phrenic nerve and the scalene muscles.

A

phrenic nerve runs on top of anterior scalene

94
Q

What causes thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

compression of the contents of the interscalene triangle

95
Q

What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

stabilize hyoid

depress hyoid when swallowing

96
Q

What is another name for the infrahyoid muscles?

A

strap muscles

97
Q

Describe the relationship of the sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and thyrohyoid.

A

sternohyoid is superficial to both the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

98
Q

Draw out a simplified cervical plexus.

A
99
Q

Describe the branching of the subclavian artery.

A

left subclavian branches off aortic arch

right subclavian branches off brachiocephalic artery

100
Q

What are the branches of the subclavian artery?

A

Very Important TITS D-Size

vertebral

internal thoracic

thyrocervical trunk

inferior thyroid

transverse cervical

suprascapular

dorsal scapular

101
Q

What are the nerves of the cervical plexus?

A

GLAST:

great auricular

lesser occipital

accessory

supraclavicular

transverse cervical

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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