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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-5 Introduction to Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

HS2-5 Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating anatomical naming conventions for the CNS.

A
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2
Q

What is the cephalic flexure?

A

a bend developed during embryonic life that tilts the axis of the developing brain forward

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3
Q

What is the composition of the meninges?

A

outer tough dura mater

middle arachnoid mater

delicate inner pia mater

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4
Q

What are the five subdivisions of the CNS? List their embryonic origin.

A

cerebral hemispheres (derived from embryonic telencephalon)

diencephalon (derived from embryonic diencephalon)

brainstem (mixed origins)

cerebellum (derived from embryonic metencephalon)

spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the brainstem? List their embryonic origin, too.

A

midbrain (derived from embryonic mesencephalon)

pons (derived from embryonic metencephalon)

medulla (derived from embryonic myelencephalon)

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6
Q

What structure accounts for most of the mass of the CNS?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

What structure joins the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

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9
Q

Differentiate between gyri and sulci.

A

gyri = ridges

sulci = clefts

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10
Q

What are the four major lobes of the brain?

A

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

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11
Q

What is the lateral (Sylvian) fissure?

A

prominent groove that extends diagonally across lateral surface of hemisphere

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12
Q

What is the central sulcus? (2)

A

groove that extends from superior surface of each hemisphere to lateral fissure

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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13
Q

What is the superior temporal sulcus?

A

sulcus running just below and parallel to lateral fissure

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14
Q

What is the pre-occipital notch?

A

indentation visible on inferior-lateral aspect of each hemisphere near its posterior pole

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15
Q

What are the functions associated with the frontal lobe? (5)

A

motor activity

language

personality

insight

affect

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16
Q

What are the prominent gyri associated with the frontal lobe?

A

precentral gyrus (a.k.a. primary motor cortex)

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What are the functions associated with the parietal lobe? (2)

A

processing of sensory information (specifically, somatosensory information)

language development

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19
Q

What are the prominent gyri associated with the parietal lobe?

A

postcentral gyrus

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20
Q

What are the functions associated with the temporal lobe?

A

auditory

comprehension of language (via Wernicke’s area)

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21
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in which lobe?

A

temporal lobe

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22
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

comprehension of language

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23
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

visual processing

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24
Q

Label the following diagram.

A
25
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

memory

26
Q

What are the prominent gyri associated with the ventral surface of the temporal lobe?

A

parahippocampal gyrus

27
Q

What is the uncus?

A

a small medial protrusion separated from the anterior parahippocampal gyrus by a shallow notch

28
Q

Which structures are found behind the optic chiasm? (2)

A

infundibulum

mamillary bodies

(both of which are parts of the hypothalamus)

29
Q

What are cerebral peduncles?

A

bundles of myelinated fibers that are part of the midbrain that carrying information from cerebral hemispheres to more caudal areas of CNS

30
Q

Where are cerebral peduncles found?

A

posterior to the mammillary bodies

31
Q

If you were to section the brain sagitally (across the midline), what major sulci would be visible?

A

cingulate sulcus

parieto-occipital sulcus

calcarine sulcus

32
Q

If you were to section the brain sagitally (across the midline), what major gyri would be visible?

A

straight gyrus

cingulate gyrus

33
Q

What is the cingulate sulcus?

A

curved sulcus that runs in parallel w/ corpus callosum

34
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

vertically-oriented sulcus in posterior part of each hemisphere

35
Q

The cingulate gyrus is located in which lobe?

A

both frontal and parietal lobes

36
Q

Why is the cingulate gyrus important?

A

it is a component of the limbic system

37
Q

What are three primary functions of the limbic system?

A

emotion

affect

memory

38
Q

What is the relationship between the brainstem and the 12 cranial nerves?

A

with the exception of the olfactory and optic (CN I and II) cranial nerves, all cranial nerves exit from the brainstem

39
Q

What is a synonym for midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

40
Q

Describe the position of the midbrain.

A

most rostral division of brainstem

41
Q

What are the three major external landmarks of the midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncles

cranial nerves III and IV

superior and inferior colliculi

42
Q

Which cranial nerves exit via the midbrain?

A

CN III and IV

43
Q

What is the interpeduncular fossa?

A

the space between the cerebral peduncles

44
Q

What are the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

symmetrically paired structures that lie on the dorsal surface of the brainstem that appear as small, rounded bumps

45
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

46
Q

What are the major landmarks of the pons?

A

basal pons

middle cerebellar peduncles

cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

fourth ventricle

47
Q

What is the basal pons?

A

prominent rounded area visible on ventral surface of pons

48
Q

What are the middle cerebellar peduncles?

A

large bundles of white matter that extend from each side of the basal pons into cerebellum

49
Q

What is the function of the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

language (Broca’s area)

50
Q

Which cranial nerves exit via the pons?

A

CN V, VI, VII, VIII

51
Q

What is the fourth ventricle?

A

diamond-shaped structure that receives CSF from cerebral aqueduct

52
Q

What are the major external landmarks of the medulla oblongata? (3)

A

pyramids

inferior olives

fourth ventricle

53
Q

What are pyramids?

A

vertically-oriented columns of white matter that lie on ventral surface of medulla on either side of midline that carry descending motor axons

54
Q

What are inferior olives?

A

rounded protuberances that lie just behind the pyramids

55
Q

Which cranial nerves exit via the medulla oblongata?

A

IX, X, XI, XII

56
Q

How is the cerebellum anchored to the brainstem?

A

via 3 pairs of peduncles

57
Q

What are the four primary structures of the cerebellum? List their function.

A

hemispheres = most of mass

vermis = midline

flocculi = involved in balance

tonsils

58
Q

In the ventral region of the brain, the cingulate sulcus is continuous with

A

the parahippocampal gyrus

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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