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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-12 Ear > Flashcards

HS2-12 Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three regions of the ear?

A

external ear

middle ear

inner ear

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2
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

collection of sound waves

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3
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

transduction of sound waves from air to fluid of inner ear

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4
Q

What is the function of the inner ear? (3)

A

hearing

gravity

motion/acceleration

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5
Q

What are the three parts of the external ear?

A

auricle

external acoustic meatus

tympanic membrane

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6
Q

What is the composition of the auricle?

A

cartilaginous skeleton

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7
Q

The cartilaginous skeleton of the auricle is continuous with

A

the cartilage of the external acoustic meatus

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the external acoustic meatus?

A

auricle → tympanic membrane

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9
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

boundary between the external and middle ears

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10
Q

Why is the tympanic membrane actually not flat?

A

depressed inward by its attachment to malleus

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11
Q

What structures can be seen through the tympanic membrane?

A

manubrium (handle of malleus)

chorda tympani (from CN VII)

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12
Q

What is the best place for an incision in the tympanic membrane?

A

posterior-inferiorly, away from the chorda tympani and ossicles

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13
Q

What are the components of the middle ear?

A

tympanic cavity

tympanic antrum

pharyngotympanic tube

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14
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane

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15
Q

The middle ear opens anteriorly into

A

the pharynx, via the pharyngotympanic tube

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16
Q

The middle ear opens posteriorly into

A

mastoid air cells

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17
Q

What are the three middle ear ossicles? Indicate their relative sizes and positions.

A

malleus (largest, most lateral)

incus (middle)

stapes

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18
Q

List the four structures associated with the malleus. (4)

A

head of malleus

manubrium of malleus = handle

tensor tympani muscle

chorda tympani nerve

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19
Q

Describe the position of the manubrium of the malleus.

A

embedded in tympanic membrane

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20
Q

Describe the position of the tensor tympani relative to the malleus.

A

attaches to manubrium of malleus

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21
Q

Describe the position of the chorda tympani relative to the malleus.

A

passes just medially to the manubrium and tympanic membrane

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22
Q

What are the three structures associated with incus?

A

body of incus

long limb

short limb

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23
Q

What does the body of the incus do?

A

articulates with head of malleus

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24
Q

What does the long limb of the incus do?

A

articulates w/ stapes at distal tip

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25
Q

What does the short limb of the incus do?

A

attaches to posterior wall of middle ear via ligament

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26
Q

What are the four structures associated with the stapes?

A

head to stapes

neck of stapes

two limbs

base

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27
Q

What does the head of the stapes do?

A

articulates with long limb of incus

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28
Q

What does the neck of the stapes do?

A

receives insertion of stapedius muscle

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29
Q

What do the two limbs of the stapes do?

A

the two limbs (anterior and posterior) extend to base

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30
Q

What does the base of the stapes do?

A

presses into oval window

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31
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

transmit airborne sound waves or vibrations to aqueous medium of inner ear

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32
Q

How do the ossicles transmit sound waves to the aqueous humor of the inner ear?

A

act as pressure transducers to overcome different densities of air and water

33
Q

What is the function of the stapedius?

A

restricts movement of ossicles, thus dampening loud sounds

34
Q

Where is the stapedius located?

A

pyramidal eminence

35
Q

The stapedius is innervated by

A

CN VII

36
Q

Where is the tensor tympani found in the ear?

A

in the pharyngotympanic/auditory tube

37
Q

The tensor tympani is innervated by

A

CN V3

38
Q

What are the two series of canals found in the inner ear?

A

bony labyrinth

membranous labyrinth

39
Q

List the features of the inner ear. (2)

A

small

completely encased in bone

40
Q

The bony labyrinth of the ear is filled with

A

perilymph

41
Q

How is the bony labyrinth connected to the middle ear?

A

via fenestra vestibuli (oval window)

and fenestra cochlea (round window)

42
Q

What are the three regions of the bony labyrinth?

A

vestibule

cochlea

3 semicircular canals

43
Q

What are the three semicircular canals?

A

anterior

posterior

lateral

44
Q

Describe the positioning of the three semicircular canals.

A

all at right angles to each other

45
Q

What is an ampulla (of the ear)?

A

an osseous structure at which a semicircular canal gets dilated

46
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with

A

endolymph

47
Q

What are the four components of the membranous labyrinth?

A

utricle

saccule

semicircular ducts

cochlear duct

48
Q

What is the utricle?

A

large fluid filled sac that is attached to each semicircular canal

49
Q

What is the saccule?

A

smaller fluid filled sac that is attached to cochlea

50
Q

Give two examples of structures in the ear that are sensitive to changes in gravity.

A

utricle

saccule

51
Q

What are the semicircular ducts (of the ear)?

A

fluid filled tubes inside each of the bony canals

52
Q

What is the cochlear duct?

A

fluid filled tube inside bony cochlea

53
Q

The bony cochlea is divided into what two spaces?

A

scala vestibuli (from fenestra vestibuli)

scala tympani (fenestra cochlea)

54
Q

Sound sensitive hair cells are located in

A

the cochlear duct

55
Q

The facial nerve exits the cranial cavity via

A

the internal acoustic meatus

56
Q

What is the geniculate ganglion?

A

sensory ganglion associated with the facial nerve

57
Q

What are the four branches of the facial nerve within the temporal bone?

A

greater petrosal nerve

nerve to stapedius

chorda tympani

motor nerves to muscles of facial expression

58
Q

CN IX exits the cranial cavity via

A

the jugular foramen

59
Q

The tympanic branch of CN IX re-enters the skull through

A

the floor of the middle ear cavity

60
Q

What are the branches of CN IX within the temporal bone? (2)

A

sensory nerves

lesser petrosal nerve

61
Q

What separates the bony and membranous labyrinths?

A

perilymph

62
Q

How is balance sensed by the ear?

A

relative movement of fluids within the 3 semicircular canals

63
Q

Describe the propagation of sound in the inner ear. (5)

A

oval window (from ossicles)

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

round window

as sound travels, it vibrates basilar membrane, which is what sends signals to the brain for hearing

64
Q

What are the vessels found in the temporal bone? (3)

A

internal carotid artery

internal jugular vein

sigmoid sinus

65
Q

List the pathway of sound through the external ear.

A

auricle (pinna) funnels sound through the

↓

external acoustic meatus, to the

↓

tympanic membrane

66
Q

What provides general sensory innervation to the external ear? Draw a diagram. (4)

A

lesser occipitial (C2, C3) = posterior tip of external ear/auricle

great auricular (C2, C3) = auricle + earlobe

auricular branch of CN X = inferior portion of external acoustic meatus

auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) = superior portion of external acoustic meatus

67
Q

Label the following diagram of the pinna/auricle.

A
68
Q

What is cauliflower ear?

A

hematoma between skin and cartilaginous skeleton

69
Q

The cartilaginous portions of the ear houses what glands? (2)

A

ceruminous (wax) glands

sebaceous (oil) glands

70
Q

Describe the pathway of sound vibrations in the middle ear.

A

tympanic membrane

↓

malleus

↓

incus

↓

stapes

↓

oval window

71
Q

The tensor tympani attaches to what bone?

A

malleus

72
Q

What muscle is responsible for opening the auditory/Eustachian tube?

A

tensor veli palatini, a muscle of the palate

73
Q

What is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini?

A

CN V3

74
Q

Broadly speaking, the semicircular canals are responsible for what function?

A

balance

75
Q

Broadly speaking, the utricle is responsible for what function?

A

horizontal motion

76
Q

Broadly speaking, the saccule is responsible for what function?

A

vertical motion

77
Q

Describe the pathway of sound vibrations in the inner ear.

A

oval window (fenestra vestibuli)

↓

scala vestibuli

↓

scala tympani

↓

round window (fenestra cochlea)

78
Q

What is the primary sensory structure located within the cochlea? Describe its function.

A

organ of Corti - its specialized hair cells sense vibrations of the basilar membrane, which are induced by fluid waves moving through scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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