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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-3 Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

HS2-3 Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

To which nervous system do the cranial nerves belong?

A

PNS

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2
Q

What are the two primary modalities of cranial nerves?

A

sensory

motor

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3
Q

List the submodalities of cranial nerves and their associated functions. (3, 2)

A

sensory:

general sensory = innervation of skin, membranes, muscles joints

special sensory = innervation of special sensory organs

visceral sensory = innervation of viscera

motor:

somatic/branchial motor = innervation of skeletal muscle

visceral motor = innervation of smooth muscle

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4
Q

Differentiate between exteroceptive sensation and propioceptive sensation.

A

exteroceptive = pain, temperature, touch, pressure

propioceptive = joint position, tension of muscles

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5
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the general sensory modality of cranial nerves?

A

transmission of exteroceptive and proprioceptive sensation

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6
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the special sensory modality of cranial nerves?

A

transmission of unique sensations (vision, smell, hearing, balance, taste)

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7
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the visceral sensory modality of cranial nerves? (2)

A

transmission of diffuse pain from thoracic and abdominal viscera

transmission of internal stimuli isuch as blood pressure (baroreceptors) and O2 content (chemoreceptors) in blood

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8
Q

The somatic motor modality of cranial nerves refers to

A

innervation of structures that develop from somites

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9
Q

The branchial motor modality of cranial nerves refers to

A

innervation of structures that derive from pharyngeal arches

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10
Q

What kinds of fibers do cranial nerves carry?

A

cranial nerves only carry parasympathetic fibers — they do not carry sympathetic fibers

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11
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia for parasympathetic fibers of cranial nerves located?

A

mostly located in head

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12
Q

Generally speaking, what is the function of the visceral motor modality of cranial nerves?

A

innervation of smooth muscle

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13
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves.

A

I - olfactory

II - optic

III - oculomotor

IV - trochlear

V - trigeminal

VI - abducent

VII - facial

VIII - vestibulocochlear

IX - glossopharyngeal

X - vagus

XI - accessory

XII - hypoglossal

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14
Q

The cranial nerves are numbered in what order?

A

from rostral to caudal

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15
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): modality

A

special sensory = smell

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16
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): innervated structure

A

olfactory organ = olfactory neurons in nasal cavity

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17
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): foramen

A

cribiform plate

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18
Q

olfactory nerve (CN I): extracranial course (2)

A

short olfactory nerves

connection to olfactory bulb + tract within skull

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19
Q

optic nerve (CN II): modality

A

special sensory = vision

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20
Q

optic nerve (CN II): innervated structure

A

retina

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21
Q

optic nerve (CN II): foramen

A

optic canal

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22
Q

optic nerve (CN II): extracranial course

A

within orbit

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23
Q

(T/F) The optic nerve is only a cranial nerve by convention.

A

True. Structurally, it is an extension of the forebrain.

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24
Q

oculomotor nerve (CN III): modality (2)

A

somatic motor

visceral motor

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25
Q

oculomotor nerve (CN III): innervated structures (2 sets)

A

somatic motor = 4 of 6 extraocular muscles + levator palpebrae superioris

visceral motor = sphincter pupillae + ciliary muscles

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26
Q

oculomotor nerve (CN III): foramen

A

superior orbital fissure

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27
Q

oculomotor nerve (CN III): extracranial course

A

within orbit, splits into superior and inferior division

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28
Q

trochlear nerve (CN IV): modality

A

somatic motor

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29
Q

trochlear nerve (CN IV): innervated structure

A

one of the extraocular muscles (superior oblique)

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30
Q

trochlear nerve (CN IV): foramen

A

superior orbital fissure

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31
Q

trochlear nerve (CN IV): extracranial course

A

within orbit

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32
Q

What are the three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?

A

opthalmic nerve (CN V1)

maxillary nerve (CN V2)

mandibular (CN V3)

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33
Q

The trigeminal nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arch?

A

1st

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34
Q

opthalmic nerve (CN V1): modality

A

general sensory

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35
Q

opthalmic nerve (CN V1): innervated structures (4)

A

skin of forehead

scalp

orbit

parts of nasal cavity

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36
Q

opthalmic nerve (CN V1): foramen

A

superior orbital fissure

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37
Q

opthalmic nerve (CN V1): extracranial course

A

within orbit, where it gives off various branches

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38
Q

maxillary nerve (CN V2): modality

A

general sensory

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39
Q

maxillary nerve (CN V2): innervated structures (6)

A

skin of lateral external nose

inferior eyelid

anterior cheek

upper lip

palate

maxillary teeth

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40
Q

maxillary nerve (CN V2): foramen

A

foramen rotundum

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41
Q

maxillary nerve (CN V2): extracranial course

A

enters pterygopalatine fossa, where it gives off various branches

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42
Q

mandibular nerve (CN V3): modality (2)

A

general sensory

branchial motor

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43
Q

mandibular nerve (CN V3): general sensory innervated structures (5)

A

mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue

floor of mouth

mandibular teeth

external ear

buccal/parotid/temporal region of face

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44
Q

What innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

mandibular nerve (CN V3)

45
Q

What are the four muscles of mastication?

A

masseter

temporalis

medial pterygoid

lateral pterygoid

46
Q

mandibular nerve (CN V3): branchial motor innervated structures (5)

A

muscles of mastication

mylohyoid

anterior belly of digastric

tensor tympani

tensor veli palatine

47
Q

mandibular nerve (CN V3): foramen

A

foramen ovale

48
Q

mandibular nerve (CN V3): extracranial course

A

enters infratemporal fossa, where it gives off various branches

49
Q

abducens nerve (CN VI): modality

A

somatic motor

50
Q

abducens nerve (CN VI): innervated structure

A

one of the extraocular muscles (lateral rectus)

51
Q

abducens nerve (CN VI): foramen

A

superior orbital fissure

52
Q

abducens nerve (CN VI): extracranial course

A

within orbit, lateral

53
Q

The facial nerve (CN VII) is associated with which pharyngeal arch?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

54
Q

facial nerve (CN VII): modalities

A

general sensory

special sensory

branchial motor

visceral motor

55
Q

List the four major branches of the facial nerve and their innervated structures.

A

1st = greater petrosal nerve = pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa → lacrimal gland

2nd = nerve to stapedius in tympanic cavity

3rd = chorda tympani = taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

4th = auricular branch = somatic sensory for skin over mastoid process and within external acoustic meatus

56
Q

What is the pathway for the chorda tympani?

A

through tympanic cavity into infratemporal fossa, where it merges w/ lingual nerve

57
Q

What are the foramina associated with the facial nerve?

A

facial nerve enters skull through internal acoustic meatus, but leaves skull via various foramina

58
Q

Describe the pathway of the facial nerve branches that supply muscles of facial expression.

A

exits skull through stylomastoid foramen and branches within parotid gland

59
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): modality

A

special sensory (hearing, balance)

60
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): innervated structures

A

specialized sensory cells in cochlea (hearing)

semicircular ducts/utricle/saccule of inner ear (balance)

61
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): foramen

A

leaves cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus

62
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): extracranial course

A

does not leave skull

63
Q

What are the branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?

A

vestibular nerve

cochlear nerve

64
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is associated with which pharyngeal arch?

A

3rd pharyngeal arch

65
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): modality

A

general sensory

special sensory (taste)

visceral sensory

branchial motor

visceral motor

66
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): innervated structures (6)

A

stylopharyngeus

parotid gland (via tympanic nerve + otic ganglion)

tympanic cavity

carotid sinus + carotid body

mucosa of oropharynx

posterior 1/3 of tongue

67
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX): foramen

A

major portion of nerve exits through jugular foramen

68
Q

What are the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve? List their name and associated innervated structures.

A

1st = tympanic nerve = innervates tympanic cavity

2nd = carotid sinus nerve = innervates carotid sinus + body

3rd = small branchial motor nerve = innervates stylopharyngeus

69
Q

Explain how the lesser petrosal nerve arises.

A

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in tympanic plexus reorganize and form lesser petrosal nerve, which connects to otic ganglion

70
Q

The vagus nerve is associated with which pharyngeal arches?

A

4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

71
Q

vagus nerve (CN X): modality

A

general sensory

special sensory (taste)

visceral sensory

branchial motor

visceral motor

72
Q

vagus nerve (CN X): innervated structures (6)

A

inferior pharynx

entire larynx

root of tongue

epiglottis

soft palate

thoracic and abdominal organs

73
Q

vagus nerve (CN X): foramen

A

jugular foramen

74
Q

List the important branches of the vagus nerve in the head and neck region. (3)

A

pharyngeal branches = muscles of soft palate + pharynx

superior laryngeal nerve = mucosa of larynx up to vocal folds + cricothyroid muscle

recurrent laryngeal nerve = mucosa of larynx inferior to vocal folds + internal laryngeal muscles

75
Q

accessory nerve (CN XI): modality

A

somatic motor

76
Q

accessory nerve (CN XI): innervated structures

A

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

77
Q

accessory nerve (CN XI): foramen

A

jugular foramen

78
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): modality

A

somatic motor

79
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): innervated structures

A

motor to most extrinsic and all instrinic muscles of tongue

80
Q

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): foramen

A

hypoglossal canal

81
Q

Which four cranial nerves have preganglionic parasympathetic fibers as components?

A

III (oculomotor)

VII (facial)

IX (glossopharyngeal)

X (vagus)

82
Q

What are the four parasympathetic ganglia of the head?

A

ciliary ganglion (CN III)

pterygopalatine ganglion (CN VII)

submandibular ganglion (CN VII)

otic ganglion (CN IX)

83
Q

CN III: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs

A

preganglionic: inferior division of III
ganglion: ciliary
postganglionic: short ciliary nerves

target organs: ciliary muscles + sphincter pupillae

84
Q

CN VII: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs

A

preganglionic: greater petrosal nerve + nerve of pterygoid canal
ganglion: pterygopalatine
postganglionic: maxillary nerve + zygomatic nerve

target organs: lacrimal gland + mucous glands of oral and nasal cavities

85
Q

CN VII: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs [submandibular ganglion]

A

preganglionic: chorda tympani
ganglion: submandibular
postganglionic: lingual nerve

target organs: submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

86
Q

CN IX: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs

A

preganglionic: tympanic + lesser petrosal nerves
ganglion: otic
postganglionic: auriculotemporal nerve

target organ: parotid gland

87
Q

CN X: preganglionic pathway, ganglion, postganglionic pathway, target organs

A

preganglionic: vagus
ganglion: ganglia on viscera
postganglionic: direct branches to organs

target organs: thoracic and abdominal viscera

88
Q

Parasympathetic fibers in the head are usually distributed along cranial nerves. How are sympathetic fibers distributed in the head?

A

they follow the arterial supply to the head

89
Q

Where do all preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers arise?

A

in thorax, at levels T1 to L2 of spinal cord

90
Q

Broadly speaking, what is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

parasympathetic innervation to abdominal viscera, heart, and lungs

91
Q

List the four major branches of the vagus nerve and their associated functions.

A

superior laryngeal nerve

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve = motor innervation of cricothyroid

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve = sensory innervation of laryngeal mucosa

recurrent laryngeal nerve = muscles of larynx

92
Q

Describe the positioning of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

A

right side hooks around right subclavian artery

left side hooks around aorta

93
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the cribiform plate?

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

94
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the optic canal?

A

optic nerve (CN II)

95
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

oculomotor nerve (CN III)

trochlear nerve (CN IV)

opthalmic nerve (CN V1)

abducens nerve (CN VI)

96
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the foramen rotundum?

A

maxillary nerve (CN V2)

97
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the foramen ovale?

A

mandibular nerve (CN V3)

98
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

facial nerve (CN VII)

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

99
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

vagus nerve (CN X)

accessory nerve (CN XI)

100
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the hypoglossal canal?

A

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

101
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember whether a cranial nerve as a sensory, motor, or mixed modality?

A
102
Q

In the oral/nasal cavities, the greater petrosal nerve (first branch of facial nerve) runs with which other nerve? How does this nerve further branch?

A

runs with zygomatic nerve to mucosal glands

zygomatic nerve further branches to give lacrimal nerve, which innervates lacrimal glands

103
Q

Where does the greater petrosal nerve synapse?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion

104
Q

The chorda tympani (third branch of facial nerve) can be seen running alongside with which other nerve? Where do these two nerves end up?

A

hitchhikes with lingual nerve to synapse at submandibular ganglion, thus innervating submandibular and sublingual glands

105
Q

What are the targets of the branchial motor modality of the facial nerve? (4)

A

muscles around ear (via posterior auricular nerve)

posterior belly of digastric

stylohyoid

muscles of facial expression

106
Q

Which two cranial nerves have all five major modalities?

A

glossopharyngeal

vagus

107
Q

The tympanic plexus associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve eventually converges into

A

the lesser petrosal nerve

108
Q

Describe the pathway of the lesser petrosal nerve. (2)

A

synapses at otic ganglion

runs alongside auriculotemporal nerve to parotid gland

109
Q

What provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid?

A

vagus nerve

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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