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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-10 Pharynx Larynx > Flashcards

HS2-10 Pharynx Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the pharynx connect?

A

nasal + oral cavities connected with esophagus + larynx

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2
Q

What is the superior border of the pharynx?

A

base of skull

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3
Q

What is the inferior border of the pharynx? (2)

A

inferior border of cricoid cartilage (anterior)

C6 vertebra (posterior)

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4
Q

The pharynx serves as a passageway for

A

air (from nasal cavity)

food (from oral cavity)

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5
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

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6
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

A

base of skull → soft palate

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7
Q

What are choanae?

A

structures that connect nasopharynx to nasal cavity

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8
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

(a.k.a. auditory or Eustachian tube)

tube that connects pharynx to ear

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9
Q

What is the torus tubarius?

A

ridge of cartilage around the opening of the auditory/Eustachian/pharyngotympanic tube

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10
Q

What is the salpingopharyngeal fold?

A

inferior continuation of torus tubarius, formed by underlying muscle

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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

soft palate → epiglottis

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12
Q

What are fauces?

A

structures that connect the oropharynx to the oral cavity

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13
Q

What structures form the fauces? (2)

A

palatoglossal arches

palatopharyngeal arches

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14
Q

What are the valleculae of the epiglottis?

A

bilateral depression between root of tongue and epiglottis

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15
Q

Broadly speaking, what is the function of the laryngopharynx?

A

region where pathway for air and food get separated

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16
Q

What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A

epiglottis → inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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17
Q

What are the piriform recesses?

A

spaces on either side of the laryngeal bulge into the pharynx

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18
Q

What are the two groups of muscles associated with the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal constrictors

pharyngeal elevators

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19
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

peristalsis results in movement of food bolus in direction of esophagus

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20
Q

What is the origin of the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

ligaments/skeletal elements close to lateral margins of nasal/oral cavities + larynx

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21
Q

What is the insertion of the pharyngeal constrictors?

A

pharyngeal raphe (midline of posterior pharynx)

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22
Q

What are the three pharyngeal constrictors?

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor

middle pharyngeal constrictor

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

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23
Q

What is the orientation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

circular orientation

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24
Q

What is the orientation of the pharyngeal elevator muscles?

A

longitudinal orientation

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25
Q

What is the function of the pharyngeal elevator muscles?

A

contraction results in elevation and shortening of pharynx

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26
Q

What are the three pharyngeal elevators?

A

stylopharyngeus

palatopharyngeus

salpingopharyngeus

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27
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the stylopharyngeus?

A

origin = styloid process

insertion = pharyngeal wall

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28
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the palatopharyngeus?

A

origin = hard palate + palatine aponeurosis

insertion = pharyngeal wall

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29
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the salpingopharyngeus?

A

origin = cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube

insertion = pharyngeal wall

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30
Q

The entire pharynx is covered by

A

a mucous membrane that is continuous with the mucous membrane of adjacent spaces, such as the oral and nasal cavities

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31
Q

What makes up the pharyngeal plexus?

A

sensory fibers from CN IX

motor fibers from CN X

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32
Q

All pharyngeal muscles, with one exception, are innervated by

A

the pharyngeal plexus

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33
Q

What is the exception to the rule that all pharyngeal muscles are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus?

A

stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by CN IX

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34
Q

What provides sensory innervation for the mucous membrane of the pharynx? (3)

A

mostly from pharyngeal plexus

but also from maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2) for nasopharynx

and superior/recurrent laryngeal nerves (branches of CN X) for laryngopharynx

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35
Q

What is the primary lymphatic tissue structure found in the pharynx?

A

pharyngeal lympathic ring a.k.a. tonsillar ring

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36
Q

What structures make up the tonsillar ring?

A

pharyngeal tonsils

tubal tonsils

palatine tonsils

lingual tonsils

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37
Q

Where are pharyngeal tonsils found?

A

at roof of nasopharynx

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38
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils found?

A

at opening of pharyngotympanic/auditory/Eustachian tube

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39
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils found?

A

between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

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40
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils found?

A

at root of tongue

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41
Q

What structures pass between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors?

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

CN IX

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42
Q

What structures pass between the middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors?

A

superior laryngeal vessels

internal laryngeal nerve

[both are going into the laryngopharynx]

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43
Q

What structures pass below the inferior constrictor?

A

reucrrent laryngeal nerve

inferior laryngeal vessels

44
Q

What is the retropharyngeal space?

A

space between posterior wall of pharynx and vertebral column

45
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

inflammation of the palatine tonsils (which are in common parlance just called the tonsils)

46
Q

What is adenoiditis?

A

inflammation of pharyngeal tonsils

47
Q

Adenoiditis can affect what other structures in the pharynx/larynx?

A

infection can spread to tubal tonsils, which swells and closes pharyngotympanic tube and can spread infection to middle ear

48
Q

What is the anatomical location of the larynx?

A

ventral to laryngopharynx

inferior to hyoid bone

superior to trachea

49
Q

What are the functions of the larynx? (2)

A

separation of food and air pathways

phonation

50
Q

What are the four primary skeletal elements of the larynx?

A

unpaired thyroid cartilage

unpaired cricoid cartilage

paired arytenoid cartilages

epiglottis

51
Q

What anatomical structure is commonly referred to as the Adam’s apple?

A

laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage

52
Q

What connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?

A

thyrohyoid membrane

53
Q

What structure connects the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage?

A

cricothyroid membrane

54
Q

What structure connects the cricoid cartilage and the first cartilaginous ring of the trachea?

A

cricotracheal ligament

55
Q

What are the arytenoid cartilages?

A

three-sided pyramids that sit on top of the cricoid cartilage

56
Q

The epiglottis is attached to what cartilage?

A

epiglottis is attached to thyroid cartilage via stalk

57
Q

What structures demarcate the interior of the larynx?

A

laryngeal inlet → inferior border of cricoid cartilage

58
Q

What two folds are found on the interior of the larynx?

A

vestibular folds (false vocal folds)

vocal folds

59
Q

What is the layered organization of the vocal folds, from superficial to deep?

A

mucous membrane (superficial)

vocal ligament

vocal muscle (deep)

60
Q

What is the vestibule (of the larynx)?

A

region between inlet of larynx and vestibular folds

61
Q

What are ventricles (of the larynx)?

A

recesses that extend laterally between vestibular and vocal folds

62
Q

What is the glottis?

A

vocal apparatus of the larynx

63
Q

The glottis consists of (2)

A

vocal folds

rima glottidis

64
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

opening between vocal cords

65
Q

Describe how the shape of the rima glottidis contributes to function. (3)

A

completely closed = phonation

narrow opening = quiet respiration

wide opening = forced respiration

66
Q

The cavity below the vocal folds of the larynx is called

A

the infraglottic cavity

67
Q

The intrisic muscles of the larynx can be subdivided into what four groups?

A

adductors of vocal ligaments

abductor of vocal ligaments

tensors of vocal ligaments

relaxer of vocal ligaments

68
Q

What are the three adductors of vocal ligaments?

A

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

transverse cricoarytenoid muscle

oblique cricoarytenoid muscle

69
Q

How do the adductors of the vocal ligaments function?

A

close rima glottidis by rotating arytenoid cartilages and sliding them medially on lamina of cricoid cartilage

70
Q

What is the abductor of the vocal ligaments?

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

71
Q

How does the abductor of the vocal ligaments function?

A

opens rima glottidis by rotating arytenoid cartilage and sliding them laterally on lamina of cricoid cartilage

72
Q

What are the tensors of the vocal ligament?

A

cricothyroid muscle

vocalis muscle

73
Q

How does the cricothyroid muscle function as a tensor of the vocal ligaments?

A

increases angle between thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage → stretches vocal ligaments → inceased pitch

74
Q

How does the vocalis muscle function as a tensor of the vocal ligaments?

A

lies below vocal ligaments and fine-tunes their tension

75
Q

What is the relaxer of the vocal ligament?

A

thyroarytenoid muscle

76
Q

How does the thyroarytenoid muscle function as a relaxer of the vocal ligaments?

A

pulls arytenoid cartilages closer to thyroid cartilage

77
Q

All intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with one exception, are innervated by

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X)

78
Q

What is the exception to the rule that all intrinsic muscles of the larynx are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

cricothyroid muscle = innervated by external branch of superior laryngeal nerve (branch of CN X)

79
Q

What provides sensory innervation superior to the vocal folds?

A

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

80
Q

What provides sensory innervation inferior to the vocal folds?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

81
Q

In what cases would a cricothyrotomy be performed?

A

in emergency circumstances when something standard like an intubation can’t be performed

82
Q

What is a cricothyrotomy?

A

insertion of tube or catheter into trachea through cricothyroid membrane

83
Q

In the context of swallowing, what is the default position of the esophagus and airway? (2)

A

airway is open

entrance to esophagus closed by upper esophageal sphincter

84
Q

Is swallowing voluntary or involuntary?

A

both — initial steps are voluntary, but then subsequent steps are involuntary

85
Q

What are the three phases of swallowing?

A

oral phase

pharyngeal phase

esophageal phase

86
Q

What happens in the oral phase?

A

oral preparation phase = food masticated + mixed w/ saliva

oral propulsion phase = bolus propelled into pharynx

87
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal phase? (7)

A

soft palate elevates → closes off nasal cavity

vocal folds close rima glottidis

arytenoid cartilages tilt forward to protect rima glottidis

suprahyoid and thyroid muscles contract → epiglottis tilts and covers laryngeal vestibule

upper esophageal sphincter opens

pharyngeal elevators contract → pharynx shortens

pharyngeal constrictors contract → peristaltic movement

88
Q

How long does the pharyngeal phase take?

A

less than a second

89
Q

What happens in the esophageal phase?

A

peristaltic movement, along with gravity, carries bolus into stomach

90
Q

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (by a tumor, for example) will result in what clinical presentation?

A

hoarseness of voice

91
Q

Where is the palatoglossus muscle found?

A

under the mucosa of the palatoglossal fold/arch

92
Q

Where is the palatopharyngeus muscle found?

A

under mucosa of palatopharyngeal fold/arch

93
Q

What important structure can be easily damaged if you were to pierce through the piriform recess?

A

carotid sheath

94
Q

What provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus?

A

CN IX

95
Q

What provides motor innervation for the pharyngeal plexus?

A

CN X

96
Q

What provides sensory innervation for the pharyngeal plexus?

A

CN IX

97
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

thyroarytenoid muscle

vocalis muscle

cricothyroid muscle

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

transverse/oblique arytenoid muscles

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

98
Q

What pair of muscles tense and relax the vocal ligaments?

A

cricothyroid muscle (tense)

thyroarytenoid muscle (relax)

99
Q

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

rotates arytenoid cartilages to abduct vocal folds

100
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

rotates arytenoid cartilages to adduct vocal folds

101
Q

What are the function of the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles?

A

pull arytenoid cartilages together to adduct vocal folds

102
Q

What provides motor innervation to the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (of CN X) [except for cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve of CN X]

103
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the larynx? (2)

A

superior larynx = internal laryngeal nerve of CN X

inferior larynx = recurrent laryngeal nerve of CN X

104
Q

What nerve initiates the cough reflex?

A

internal laryngeal nerve of CN X

105
Q

What is a classic sign of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage?

A

hoarse voice

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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