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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-11 Oral and Nasal Cavities > Flashcards

HS2-11 Oral and Nasal Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the nose as the first part of the respiratory system? (2)

A

warm and humidify air

remove particulate matter from inspired air

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2
Q

The anterior opening of the nasal cavity is called

A

the anterior nasal aperture (a.k.a. piriform aperture)

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3
Q

The posterior openings of the nasal cavity are called

A

the choanae

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4
Q

What structure divides the nasal cavity in half?

A

nasal septum

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5
Q

What structures comprise the nasal septum? (3)

A

vomer

perpendicular plate of ethmoid

septal cartilage

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6
Q

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity? (4)

A

nasal bone

frontal bone

ethmoid bone (cribiform plates)

sphenoid bone

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7
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

palatine process of maxilla

horizontal plates of palatine bones

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8
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the nasal cavity? (5)

A

ethmoid (superior + middle conchae)

maxilla

inferior concha (its own bone)

lacrimal bone

palatine bone

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9
Q

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal

maxillary (largest)

ethmoid

sphenoid

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10
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses? (3)

A

move mucous out into nasal cavity

lighten cranium

resonating chambers for speech

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11
Q

Describe the drainage of the ethmoid sinus.

A

posterior ethmoid sinus = superior meatus

rest of ethmoid sinus = middle meatus, via hiatus semilunaris

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12
Q

Describe the drainage of the frontal sinus.

A

middle meatus, via hiatus semilunaris

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13
Q

Describe the drainage of the maxillary sinus.

A

middle meatus, via hiatus semilunaris

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14
Q

Describe the drainage of the sphenoid sinus.

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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15
Q

The superior meatus serves in the drainage of which paranasal sinuses?

A

posterior ethmoid sinus

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16
Q

The middle meatus serves in the drainage of which paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal sinus

maxillary sinus

rest of ethmoid sinus

[all drain into middle meatus via hiatus semilunaris]

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17
Q

The inferior meatus serves in the drainage of which paranasal sinuses?

A

nasolacrimal duct (drainage of tears)

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18
Q

The sphenoethmoidal recess serves in the drainage of which paranasal sinuses?

A

sphenoid sinus

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19
Q

What provides general sensory innervation to the anterosuperior nasal cavity?

A

ethmoidal nerves (from nasociliary nerve, from CN V1)

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20
Q

What nerve carries special sensory (smell) fibers to the upper part of the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory nerve (CN I)

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21
Q

What provides general sensory innervation to the posteroinferior part of the nasal cavity?

A

CN V2

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22
Q

What innervates the mucous cells of the nasal cavity?

A

postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers (that hitch a ride along with sensory branches of CN V2)

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23
Q

What provides blood supply to the anterosuperior portion of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoidal branches of ophthalmic artery

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24
Q

What provides blood supply to the posteroinferior portion of the nasal cavity?

A

sphenopalatine branch of maxillary artery

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25
Q

How do most nosebleeds occur in children?

A

digital trauma of anastomotic vessels inside the nasal vestibule (Kiesselbach area)

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26
Q

What is the Kiesselbach area?

A

area inside the nasal vestibule that contains anastomotic vessels prone to digital trauma → nosebleed

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27
Q

How do nosebleeds occur in older patients?

A

spontaneous rupture of posteriorly-located vessels in the nasal septum

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28
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

lips + orbicularis oris muscle

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29
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the oral cavity?

A

cheeks w/ buccinator muscle

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30
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

fauces (palatoglossus muscle + palatoglossal arch)

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31
Q

What is the superior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

hard and soft palates

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32
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

tongue and floor of mouth

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33
Q

How many full teeth are there in an adult?

A

32 (8 per quadrant)

34
Q

What is the permanent dentition for each quadrant?

A

2 incisors

1 canine

2 premolars (bicuspids)

3 molars

35
Q

What innervates the maxillary dentition?

A

branches of V2, primarily from infraorbital nerve

36
Q

What innervates the mandibular dentition?

A

inferior alveolar branch of V3

37
Q

The infraorbital nerve is a branch of

A

CN V2

38
Q

The inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of

A

CN V3

39
Q

What are the two primary muscles found on the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid

geniohyoid

40
Q

What structure separates the neck from the oral cavity?

A

mylohyoid muscle

41
Q

What provides innervation to the mylohyoid muscle?

A

mylohyoid nerve (branch of V3)

42
Q

What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle? (2)

A

opening mouth (mandibular depression)

swallowing (elevation of hyoid)

43
Q

Describe the organization of the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscle in the oral cavity.

A

geniohyoid is superior to mylohyoid

44
Q

What innervates the geniohyoid muscle?

A

branch of ventral ramus of C1

45
Q

What structure drains the submandibular gland?

A

submandibular duct, which opens behind the lower incisors

46
Q

What is sialolithiasis?

A

stone formation associated w/ salivary glands

47
Q

In which salivary structure(s) does sialolithiasis most commonly occur?

A

submandibular ducts

48
Q

What arteries and nervous structures are found on the floor of the mouth? (4)

A

lingual nerve

lingual artery

hypoglossal nerve

submandibular ganglion

49
Q

What is the submandibular ganglion?

A

parasympathetic ganglion found at level of 3rd lower molar

50
Q

What is the function of the lingual nerve?

A

general sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue

51
Q

Describe the pathway of parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands. (5)

A

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel with CN VII

join with chorda tympani and enter infratemporal fossa

join with lingual nerve at floor of oral cavity

synapse at submandibular ganglion

postganglionic fibers go to glands

52
Q

Why does the surface of the tongue have a corrugated appearance? (2)

A

papillae

and large vallate papillae posteriorly

53
Q

What structure divides the tongue into its anterior 2/3 component and posterior 1/3 component?

A

sulcus terminalis

54
Q

Differentiate between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue in terms of composition.

A

anterior 2/3 = muscular

posterior 1/3 = lymphatic

55
Q

Where is the foramen cecum located?

A

at apex of sulcus terminalis

56
Q

What innervates the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII

57
Q

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

genioglossus

hyoglossus

styloglossus

palatoglossus

58
Q

Differentiate between the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue in terms of function.

A

intrinsic = fine control of tongue movements

extrinsic = large tongue movements

59
Q

What muscle is responsible for protruding the tongue (and therefore maintaining an open airway)?

A

genioglossus

60
Q

What is the function of the hyoglossus?

A

depresses the tongue

61
Q

What is the function of the styloglossus?

A

elevates and retracts tongue

62
Q

What innervates the genioglossus?

A

CN XII

63
Q

What innervates the hyoglossus?

A

CN XII

64
Q

What innervates the styloglossus?

A

CN XII

65
Q

What is the function of the palatoglossus? (3)

A

elevates posterior tongue, but mostly considered to be a part of soft palate

draws soft palate onto tongue

separates oral cavity from oropharynx

66
Q

What innervates the palatoglossus?

A

pharyngeal plexus

67
Q

What is the anatomical result of a hypoglossal nerve injury? (2)

A

unilateral paralysis

hemiatrophy of the tongue (eventually)

68
Q

What is the clinical presentation of someone with a hypoglossal nerve injury? (3)

A

difficulty speaking

difficulty chewing

difficulty swallowing

69
Q

How could you determine which side was injured in a hypoglossal nerve injury?

A

ask patient to stick out tongue → tongue will deviate toward side of injury

70
Q

Which nerves provide taste and general sensation for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

general sensation = lingual nerve (from CN V3)

taste = chorda tympani (from CN VII)

71
Q

Which nerves provide taste and general sensation for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

general sensation = CN IX

taste = CN IX

72
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation for the root of the tongue? Note: the root is not the same as the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

A

CN X

73
Q

What structures make up the hard palate? (2)

A

palatine processes of maxilla

horizontal plates of palatine bones

74
Q

What are the two components of the soft palate?

A

anterior aponeurotic component

posterior muscular component

75
Q

What are the five muscles associated with the soft palate?

A

palatoglossus

palatopharyngeus

muscle of uvula

tensor veli palatini

levator veli palatini

76
Q

What is the function of the palatopharyngeus?

A

elevates pharynx to receive bolus

77
Q

What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

A

opens pharyngotympanic tube

78
Q

What is the function of the levator veli palatini?

A

elevates palate to seal separation of oro- and nasopharynx during swallowing

79
Q

What provides sensory and motor innervation to the soft palate?

A

motor by pharyngeal plexus (except tensor veli palatini, innervated by CN V3)

sensory by CN V2

80
Q

What arterial plexus is associated with posterior epistaxis?

A

Woodruff’s plexus

81
Q

What innervates the tensor veli palatini?

A

CN V3

82
Q

What structures travel through the mandibular canal?

A

inferior alveolar artery

inferior alveolar vein

inferior alveolar nerve

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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