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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-6 Head Face Scalp > Flashcards

HS2-6 Head Face Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two primary divisions of the skull?

A

neurocranium

viscerocranium

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2
Q

Which bones form the viscerocranium?

A

maxilla

zygomatic

palatine

mandible

vomer

inferior nasal cocha

lacrimal

nasal

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3
Q

What structures comprise the major arterial supply to the head overall? (3)

A

internal carotid artery

external carotid artery

vertebral artery

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4
Q

What structures comprise the major arterial supply to the neurocranium? (3)

A

internal carotid artery

external carotid artery

vertebral artery

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5
Q

What structures provide arterial supply to the inside of the neurocranium? (3)

A

internal carotid artery = brain

vertebral artery = brain

middle meningeal artery (indirect branch of external carotid) = inside of skull

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6
Q

What structures provide arterial supply to the outside of the neurocranium? (2)

A

branches of the external carotid:

superficial temporal artery

occipital artery

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7
Q

What provides arterial supply to the viscerocranium?

A

external carotid artery

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8
Q

What provides arterial supply to the outside of the face?

A

facial artery, a branch of the external carotid

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9
Q

What provides arterial supply to the inside of the face?

A

maxillary artery, a branch of the external carotid

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10
Q

What provides arterial supply to the orbit?

A

ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal carotid

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11
Q

What provides venous drainage for the inside of the neurocranium?

A

dural sinuses, which drain into internal jugular vein

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12
Q

What provides venous drainage for the outside of the face?

A

facial vein and retromandibular veins, which drain into external jugular vein

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13
Q

What structures form the boundaries of the “danger area of the face?”

A

facial vein

upper lip

bridge of nose

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14
Q

Why is the “danger area of the face” named so?

A

because veins of the head and neck don’t have valves, infection/metastases from this area can easily travel to the cranial cavity from facial vein → opthalmic vein → cavernous sinus

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15
Q

Superficial lympathic drainage of the face and scalp leads to

A

the superficial lymph nodes of the neck

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16
Q

Lymphatic vessels of the face and scalp drain into

A

deep cervical lymph nodes

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17
Q

How is lymph returned to the systemic venous system? (2)

A

on left side, via thoracic duct

on right side, via right lymphatic duct

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18
Q

List the nerves that provide sensory innervation for the head. (2)

A

branches of trigeminal nerve (CN V) supply most of face

branches from dorsal (e.g. greater occipital) or ventral (e.g. great auricular) primary rami supply rest of head

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19
Q

List the three major divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

A

ophthalmic division (CN V1)

maxillary division (CN V2)

mandibular division (CN V3)

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20
Q

What are the modalities of the trigeminal nerve for the head? (2)

A

general sensory to face

some motor to head

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21
Q

The ophthalmic division (CN V1) provides innervation to (1, +4):

A

sensory only:

orbital region (forehead, anterior scalp, upper eyelid, dorsum nose)

22
Q

The maxillary division (CN V2) provides innervation to (1, +4):

A

sensory only:

midface area (lower eyelid, side of nose, upper lip, upper dentition)

23
Q

The mandibular division (CN V3) provides innervation to (2, +3, +1):

A

sensory:

lower dentition

skin anterior to ear

inside of oral cavity

motor:

muscles of mastication

24
Q

Broadly speaking, what is the function of the facial nerve?

A

motor innervation to face

25
Q

How many terminal motor branches of the facial nerve are found on the face?

A

5

26
Q

What are the four major muscles of facial expression?

A

occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)

orbicularis oculi

buccinator

orbicularis oris

27
Q

Describe how the orbicularis oculi contributes to facial expression. (2)

A

orbital part tightly closes eye

palpebral part for blinking

28
Q

Describe how the orbicularis oris contributes to facial expression. (2)

A

closes mouth

puckers lips

29
Q

Describe how the buccinator contributes to facial expression. (2)

A

compresses cheeks against teeth and gums during chewing

expels air from distended cheeks

30
Q

Describe how the occipitofrontalis contributes to facial expression. (3)

A

occipitalis moves scalp to smooth skin of forehead

frontalis raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

occipitofrontalis moves entire scalp forward and backward

31
Q

What is the composition of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

occipital and frontal components, connected by epicranial aponeurosis

32
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

sudden, unilateral, idiopathic facial paralysis

33
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Bell’s palsy? (3)

A

drooping of mouth

cannot close lips

cannot close eye

34
Q

What is the likely cause of Bell’s palsy?

A

viral origin causing inflammation of facial nerve

35
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

mnemonic: SCALP

S = skin

C = connective tissue (i.e. fascia + collagen)

A = aponeurosis (tendinous layer from occipitofrontalis)

L = loose connective tissue (areolar)

P = pericranium

36
Q

What are the four primary veins that function in venous drainage of the head/neck area?

A

internal jugular

external jugular

subclavian

brachiocephalic

37
Q

Describe the function and pathway of the internal jugular vein.

A

drains brain + cervical viscera into brachiocephalic vein

38
Q

Describe the function and pathway of the external jugular vein.

A

drains face + scalp into subclavian vein

39
Q

Describe the pathway of the subclavian vein.

A

[receives from external jugular] → subclavian vein → braciocephalic vein → superior vena cava

40
Q

Write out the overall pathway for lymphatic drainage in the neck.

A
41
Q

What are the roofing bones of the skull?

A

frontal

temporal (squamous portion)

parietal

42
Q

How are the roofing bones of the skull formed?

A

intramembranous ossification

43
Q

What are the basal bones of the skull?

A

ethmoid

sphenoid

temporal (petrous portion)

occipital

44
Q

How are the basal bones of the skull formed?

A

formed through endochondrial ossification

45
Q

What are the layers of the roofing bone?

A

periosteum

outer cortical

diploë

inner cortical

periosteum

46
Q

What is the significance of the diploë layer of the roofing bones?

A

contains venous channels, which can potentially spread infection

47
Q

List the anatomical events that culminate in an epidural hematoma. (4)

A

side trauma to head → pterion fracture → rupture of middle meningeal artery → epidural hematoma

48
Q

List the pathway for lymphatic drainage of the face and scalp.

A
49
Q

Draw a rough sketch of a lateral view of the head and show which nerves contribute to sensory innervation.

A
50
Q

Explain the clinical significance of the loose connective tissue layer of the scalp. (3)

A

easily torn

bleeds a lot

allows superficial layers to slide

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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