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Human Structure - Block 2 > HS2-14 Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm > Flashcards

HS2-14 Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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2
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae?

A

articular facets for ribs

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3
Q

What is the costal cartilage?

A

anterior end of rib

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4
Q

What is the costal margin?

A

upturned cartilages of ribs 8-10, connected to costal cartilage of rib 7

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5
Q

What are the two systems to classify ribs?

A

true-false-floating

typical-atypical

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6
Q

Describe the true-false-floating system of classifying ribs.

A

true = ribs 1-7 with direct articulation to sternum via costal cartilage

false = ribs 8-10 that articulate w/ sternum via costal margin

floating = ribs 11 and 12, w/ no attachment to sternum

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7
Q

Describe the typical-atypical of classifying ribs.

A

typical = ribs 3-9

atypical = ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, 12

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8
Q

What are the “typical” features of a rib (for the purposes of classification)? (4)

A

head

neck

tubercle

shaft

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9
Q

What is the costal groove?

A

depression on inferior border of rib

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10
Q

What structures are found in the costal groove? (2)

A

intercostal nerve

intercostal vessels

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11
Q

The body of the sternum articulates with which ribs?

A

ribs 3-6

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12
Q

What is the sternal angle of the sternum?

A

junction of manubrium and body

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13
Q

The sternal angle articulates with which ribs?

A

articulates with rib 2

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14
Q

What is the xiphisternal junction?

A

junction of body of sternum and xiphoid process

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15
Q

The xiphisternal junction articulates with which ribs?

A

rib 7

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the costovertebral joint.

A

head of rib articulates with bodies of 2 vertebrae: one at the same level as rib, and then the vertebrae above it

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the costotransverse joint.

A

tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of vertebrae on same level

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18
Q

What is another name for the thoracic inlet?

A

superior thoracic aperture

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19
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic inlet?

A

vertebral body of T1

first ribs

manubrium

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20
Q

What is another name for the thoracic outlet?

A

inferior thoracic aperture

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21
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet? (4)

A

T12

rib 12

costal margins

xiphisternal joint

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22
Q

What are the three layers of intercostal muscles?

A

external (most superficial)

internal

innermost

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23
Q

What are the boundaries of the external intercostal muscle?

A

tubercle of rib → midclavicular line

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24
Q

What is a visual characteristic of the external intercostal muscle?

A

“hands-in-pocket” fiber orientation

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25
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles as they approach the anterior aspect of the ribs?

A

become membranous

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26
Q

What are the boundaries of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

sternum → midaxillary line

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27
Q

What is the orientation of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

at right angle to those of external intercostal muscles

28
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles as they approach the posterior aspect of the ribs?

A

become membranous

29
Q

What is the orientation of the innermost intercostal muscles?

A

same as internal intercostal muscle (so bsaically perpendicular to the external intercostal muscles)

30
Q

Where are the innermost intercostal muscles membranous?

A

anteriorly AND posteriorly

31
Q

The transversus thoracis consists of

A

several muscular slips running from sternum to 2nd-6th costal cartilages

32
Q

Where are the subcostal muscles found?

A

posteriorly at the same level as the innermost intercostals

span more than one intercostal space

33
Q

What are the three accessory muscles of respiration?

A

pectoralis major/minor

serratus anterior

scalene muscles

34
Q

What is the origin of the intercostal nerves?

A

ventral rami of the first 11 thoracic spinal nerves

35
Q

What is the origin of the subcostal nerve?

A

ventral ramus of 12th thoracic spinal nerve

36
Q

What provides innervation to the intercostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves

37
Q

What provides innervation to the transversus thoracis?

A

intercostal nerves

38
Q

What provides innervation to the subcostal muscles?

A

intercostal nerves

39
Q

What innervates the superior and inferior serratus posterior?

A

intercostal nerves

40
Q

Where do the intercostal nerves provide sensory innervation? (4)

A

lateral and anterior thorax

abdominal wall

parietal pleura

parietal peritoneum

41
Q

What are the primary arteries of the thoracic wall? (2)

A

paired internal thoracic artery

paired intercostal arteries

42
Q

The internal thoracic artery is a branch of

A

the subclavian artery

43
Q

Describe the position of the internal thoracic artery relative to the sternum.

A

internal thoracic artery runs lateral to the sternum

44
Q

What holds the internal thoracic artery against the ribs?

A

transversus thoracis muscle

45
Q

In the thorax, the internal thoracic artery bifurcates into

A

musculophrenic artery + superior epigastric artery

46
Q

Describe the anterior arterial supply of the thoracic wall.

A

ribs 1-6 = arterial supply from internal thoracic artery

ribs 7-9 = arterial supply from musculophrenic artery

ribs 10-11 = absent

47
Q

Describe the posterior arterial supply of the thoracic wall.

A

ribs 1-2 = arterial supply from indirect branches of subclavian artery

ribs 3-11 = arterial supply from descending aorta

48
Q

What are the primary veins of the thoracic wall?

A

paired internal thoracic veins

paired intercostal veins

49
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the anterior aspect of the thoracic wall.

A

drain into internal thoracic vein + musculophrenic vein

50
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the posterior aspect of the thoracic wall. (2)

A

right intercostal vein drains into azygos vein

left intercostal vein drains into hemiazygos vein

51
Q

The intercostal neurovascular bundle is found in what thoracic wall structure?

A

intercostal groove

52
Q

What is the order of the structures found in the intercostal neurovascular bundle?

A

vein

artery

nerve

[VAN]

53
Q

The intercostal neurovascular bundle is found between what two muscle layers?

A

innermost and internal intercostal muscle layers

54
Q

What is the chief muscle of respiration?

A

diaphragm

55
Q

What is the anatomical function of the diaphragm?

A

separates thoracic and abdominal cavity

56
Q

What are the components of the diaphragm?

A

central tendon + 3 muscular parts (sternal, costal, lumbar)

57
Q

What are the three major openings of the diaphragm?

A

vena caval foramen

esophageal hiatus

aortic hiatus

58
Q

Describe the vena caval foramen. (2)

A

at T8

opens into inferior vena cava

59
Q

Describe the esophageal hiatus. (2)

A

at T10

opens into esophagus and vagal trunks

60
Q

Describe the aortic hiatus. (2)

A

at T12

opens into descending aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein

61
Q

What is the arterial supply to the diaphragm? (3)

A

pericardiacophrenic arteries

musculophrenic arteries

inferior phrenic arteries

62
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

63
Q

Differentiate between the right and left hemidiaphragms in a frontal chest radiograph.

A

right hemidiaphragm is higher than left by 1-2 cm

64
Q

What kind of joint is the costosternal joint? (2)

A

1st costosternal joint is cartilaginous

all other costosternal joints are synovial

65
Q

The periocardiacophrenic artery is a branch of

A

the internal thoracic artery

66
Q

Where is the neurovascular bundle located relative to its rib?

A

the neurovascular bundle is located below its associated rib

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

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