HS2-17 Clinical Relevance of Heart Anatomy Flashcards
What is the effect of pericardial tamponade on the heart?
impaired cardiac filling leading to decreased cardiac output
What is the clinical presentation of a patient with pericarditis?
chest pain worse with laying down, made better by sitting forward
What are some of the clinical symptoms of pericardial tamponade?
hypotension
tachycardia
tachypnea
What is pericardiocentesis?
procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the pericardium
What is the pericardium?
the bag that surrounds the heart
What is cardiac tamponade?
fluid buildup inside the pericardium
What is constrictive pericarditis?
calcified pericardium leading to a fixed space, rather than a fluid-filled pericardium
What is the Rx for pericarditis? (2)
steroids
colchicine
How do you treat constrictive pericarditis?
pericardial stripping, an open-heart procedure in which parts of the pericardium are removed
Inflammation of the pericardium causes
pericarditis
Fluid in the pericardium causes
cardiac tamponade
Calcification and scarring of the pericardium causes
constrictive pericarditis
What artery supplies the anterior wall of the left ventricle?
left anterior descending coronary artery
The left main coronary artery branches into
left anterior descending + left circumflex coronary arteries
The left anterior descending coronary artery supplies (2)
anterior wall
interventricular septum
The left circumflex coronary artery supplies (2)
anterolateral wall
lateral wall
inferior/posterior wall (if dominant)
The right coronary artery supplies (3)
the inferior/posterior wall
right ventricle
papillary muscles of mitral valve
What is the treatment for an acute myocardial infarction?
cardiac catheterization, in which stents (balloons) are placed to make artery open up to flow
What is systolic murmur?
turbulent or abnormal blood flow from high pressure chamber to low pressure chamber
What happens in mitral regurgitation?
blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle, but then leaks back into left atrium
What two processes can contribute to a new/abnormal systolic murmur?
mitral regurgitation
ventricular septal defect
What is a ventricular septal defect?
hole in the ventricular septum
What are the long term effects of a ventricular septal defect?
volume overload to right ventricle
A right ventricle infarction would lead to
low BP w/ clear lungs
How is a right ventricle infarction treated?
treated with fluid rescucitation and revascularization
Ischemia to the SA or AV nodes can cause
various heart blocks
Ischemia to the atria can cause
atrial arrhythmias
If you were to cut off blood flow to the papillary muscles of the heart, what would happen?
papillary muscles are responsible for anchoring the mitral valve, so without blood flow, they would wither and rupture
List the chain of events that occurs if you have a right coronary artery occlusion. (4)
right coronary artery occlusion
infarct of inferior/posterior wall + posterior papillary muscle
rupture of damaged posterior papillary muscle
blood flows back through mitral valve into left atrium, pulmonary veins, and lungs
What are the anatomical features of dilated cardiomyopathy?
enlarged right ventricle or enlarged left ventricle or enlarged both ventricles
What is a common clinical finding with dilated cardiomyopathy?
left bundle branch block, which in essence means electrical signals aren’t travelling as fast as they should be
What is a common procedure used to treat cardiomyopathy?
pacemaker placement
Describe how pacemaker is placed in the context of heart anatomy.
one lead placed going down into right ventricle
one lead placed going into the coronary sinus that eventually follows the lateral cardiac vein
What is the function of a pacemaker?
restores concordant contraction of the right and left ventricles
