Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Structure - Block 2 > Embryology 5 > Flashcards

Embryology 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Broadly speaking, the respiratory system is derived from what embryologic structure?

A

foregut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three primary structures of the upper respiratory system?

A

nose

nasopharynx

oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Though the respiratory system in general arises from the foregut, the upper respiratory system specifically arises from

A

the primitive pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four primary structures of the lower respiratory system?

A

larynx

trachea

bronchi

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The lower respiratory system develops from

A

the laryngotracheal groove, an outgrowth of the primitive pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the location of the laryngotracheal groove.

A

laryngotracheal groove lies caudally to the 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The epithelium and glands of the lower respiratory system are derived from

A

the endoderm that lines laryngotracheal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The endoderm of the laryngotracheal groove gives rise to

A

the epithelium and glands found in the lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cartilage, connective tissue, and smooth muscle of the lower respiratory system are derived from

A

the visceral lateral mesoderm that surrounds the foregut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The visceral lateral mesoderm of the foregut gives rise to (3)

A

cartilage

connective tissue

smooth muscle

[all of the lower respiratory system]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the fate of the laryngotracheal groove.

A

laryngotracheal groove → laryngotracheal diverticulum → elongation to become laryngotracheal tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the location of the laryngotracheal diverticulum?

A

located ventrally to the foregut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe how the primitive pharynx further develops during week 5. (2)

A

lateral walls of primitive pharynx develop folds called tracheoesophageal folds, which fuse by the end of week 5

ventral laryngotracheal tube is therefore separated from dorsal esophageal tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primordial laryngeal inlet? (2)

A

the cranial-facing junction of the laryngotracheal tube and esophagus formed during week 5

primordial laryngeal inlet will eventually give rise to larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the tracheoesophageal septum?

A

the structure that separates the dorsal esophagus from the ventral laryngotracheal tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes tracheoesophageal fistulas?

A

faulty separation of trachea and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the most common manifestation of tracheoesophageal fistulas.

A

superior part of esophagus ends blind (esophageal atresia), which means that food cannot reach the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the milder manifestation of tracheoesophageal fistulas.

A

patency of trachea and esophagus is preserved, but connections between the 2 tubes cause aspiration of esophageal contents into lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The epithelium of the larynx develops from

A

the endoderm of the cranial portion of the laryngotracheal tube

20
Q

Laryngeal cartilages develop from

A

cartilage portions of pharyngeal arches 4 and 6

[note: does not include epiglottis]

21
Q

The epiglottis develops from

A

caudal portion of hypobranchial eminence

22
Q

The cranial part of the hypobranchial eminence contributes to

A

the tongue

23
Q

The laryngeal muscles are derived from

A

pharyngeal arches 4 and 6

24
Q

The laryngeal muscles are innervated by

A

laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve (CN X)

25
Q

What gives rise to the respiratory epithelium of the trachea?

A

endoderm of caudal portion of laryngotracheal tube

26
Q

The endoderm of caudal portion of laryngotracheal tube differentiates into

A

the respiratory epithelium of the trachea

27
Q

The cartilage, connective tissue, and smooth muscle of the trachea are derived from

A

the visceral lateral mesoderm that surrounds the endoderm of the laryngotracheal tube

28
Q

The visceral lateral mesoderm that surrounds the endoderm of the laryngotracheal tube gives rise to

A

the cartilage, connective tissue, and smooth muscle of the trachea

29
Q

Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

A

alveoli

30
Q

Alveoli are derived from

A

the epithelium of the lung

31
Q

List the pathway from the trachea to the alveoli.

A

trachea → bronchial tree ( → bronchi → bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles) → alveoli

32
Q

Describe the pathway of lung development.

A

branching of respiratory buds into 2 bronchial buds

bronchial buds expand into pericardioperitoneal cavities

in week 5, bronchial buds have formed 2 primary bronchi

33
Q

Differentiate between the right and left bronchus.

A

right bronchus is more vertically oriented

34
Q

By week 5, the two primary bronchi have formed. How do they develop further?

A

primary bronchi branch into lobar (secondary) bronchi [3 on right, 2 on left] and then further into segmental (tertiary) bronchi [10 on right, 8-9 on left]

35
Q

Why do aspirated foreign objects tend to lodge in the right bronchus?

A

because it is more vertically oriented

36
Q

What is the significance of week 26 in embryological lung development?

A

specialized lung cells start to produce surfactant

37
Q

What is the function of surfactant in the lungs? (2)

A

reduces surface tension of alveoli

essential for efficient gas exchange

38
Q

Babies born prematurely, but after 26 weeks of gestation, may experience

A

respiratory distress syndrome, because surfactant production has not reached maximum

39
Q

What is a treatment option for babies in respiratory distress due to premature birth and therefore inadequate surfactant production?

A

corticosteroids

40
Q

(T/F) Lung maturation continues into childhood.

A

True. New alveoli are added until ~8 years of age.

41
Q

The embryological formation of the bronchial tree is typically considered complete at what point of time?

A

by week 24 (at which point, 17 orders of branching have occurred)

42
Q

What is lung hypoplasia?

A

poorly developed bronchial tree

43
Q

What is the result of lung hypoplasia?

A

diminished vital capacity

44
Q

What are the symptoms of lung hypoplasia?

A

tachypnea (rapid breathing)

respiratory distress under stressful conditions (i.e. exercise)

45
Q

What is the cause of lung hypoplasia? (2)

A

compression of developing lungs, due to:

(1) decreased amniotic fluid
(2) diaphragmatic hernia

Human Structure - Block 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions