How Did The Quest For Civil Rights Change 1963-72 Flashcards
What percentage of black Americans lived in urban areas by the mid-1960s?
Approximately 70 percent.
What major event occurred in the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965?
Race riots broke out.
What were the Watts riots a reaction to?
Poor living and working conditions faced by many black Americans.
What term describes the support received by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War?
Communist countries like the Soviet Union and China.
What was the USA’s stance in the Vietnam War?
Opposed the spread of communism.
Who supported the government forces in non-communist South Vietnam?
USA, Australia, and New Zealand.
What type of army did the USA fight against in South Vietnam?
The conventional army of North Vietnam and the Viet-Cong.
What significant legislation was passed in 1965?
Voting Rights Act.
Fill in the blank: The war in Vietnam lasted from _______ to 1975.
1960
What was a major consequence of the race riots in the 1960s?
Increased awareness of racial discrimination and poor living conditions.
True or False: The Black Panthers were part of the civil rights movement.
True.
What were the Watts riots part of a broader response to?
Racial discrimination and poor housing.
What significant civil rights movement emerged in the mid-1960s?
The Black Power movement.
Fill in the blank: The Viet-Cong were part of the _______ army in South Vietnam.
communist guerrilla
What did the civil rights movement focus on in the mid-1960s?
Ending racial discrimination.
What effect did the Vietnam War have on the civil rights movement?
It influenced the activism and focus of civil rights leaders.
Who were the main groups opposing the spread of communism in Vietnam?
USA, Australia, New Zealand.
What sparked the Watts Race Riots in 1965?
The riots were sparked by the arrest of a black American by a white police officer on 11 August 1965.
What was the death toll and damage caused by the Watts Race Riots?
The death toll was 34, with over 1,000 injured and 4,000 arrested, causing a million dollars worth of damage.
What were the underlying grievances that led to the Watts Race Riots?
Longstanding grievances included high unemployment, poor housing, and inadequate schools.
What significant event occurred in Watts in 1992?
Another major riot occurred when Rodney King, a black American, was beaten by Los Angeles police officers.
Who were the key figures in the early black American civil rights movement?
Key figures included Martin Luther King, Ralph Abernathy, and Fred Shuttleworth.
How did Malcolm X’s approach to civil rights differ from Martin Luther King’s?
Malcolm X offered a radically different programme for equality that appealed to black Americans living in ghettos, advocating for complete black separation.
What was Malcolm X’s original name and when was he born?
Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in 1925.
What was the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?
The UNIA, founded by Marcus Garvey, campaigned for black nationalism and an end to European colonies in Africa and the West Indies.
What significant event happened to Malcolm X’s family when he was a child?
His father was murdered by a white supremacist group, and their home was burned down.
What organization did Malcolm X join after prison?
He joined the Nation of Islam (NOI) and changed his name to Malcolm X.
What was the purpose of the Organisation of Afro-American Unity (OAAU)?
The OAAU aimed to unify all people of African descent and demanded social and economic independence for all blacks across the world.
When was Malcolm X assassinated?
Malcolm X was assassinated on 21 February 1965.
What movement continued Malcolm X’s legacy after his death?
Northern black radicalism was carried on by the Black Panthers and the Black Power movement.
What significant change occurred within the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in December 1966?
The SNCC’s Central Committee voted to expel all whites from the organization.
Who replaced Stokely Carmichael as chairperson of the SNCC?
Henry ‘Rap’ Brown, a radical who supported black armed defense against the police, replaced him.
What did Rap Brown call for in his speech on 25 July 1967?
He called on black Americans to take over white-owned stores in black ghettos, if necessary by violence.
What major events occurred in 1968?
Martin Luther King was assassinated, and Nixon won the presidential election.
What tragic event occurred in 1970 at Kent State University?
Four students were shot dead during an anti-Vietnam protest.
What is Apartheid?
A form of legal segregation of blacks, whites and ‘coloureds’ introduced in South Africa in 1948.
What are Reparations?
Financial payments as compensation for wrongs done in the past.
What is the FBI?
The Federal Bureau of Investigation was created in 1924. It was the USA’s national police force and dealt with federal and interstate crimes.
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
Carmichael was a civil rights activist who became chair of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and later changed his name to Kwame Toure.
What did the Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) endorse in 1966?
The idea of Black Power.
What was the Black Panther Party?
Founded in 1966, it advocated black nationalism and self-defense for black communities.
Who were the founders of the Black Panther Party?
Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver, and Huey P. Newton.
What was the aim of the Black Panther Party?
To protect black Americans against police brutality and racial discrimination.
What happened at the 1968 Olympics regarding Black Power?
Tommy Smith and John Carlos made the Black Power salute during the medal award ceremony.
What was the outcome of the Black Panther Party’s confrontations with police?
In 1969, 28 members were killed in shootouts, including Fred Hampton.
What impact did Malcolm X and the Black Panthers have on black American protest?
They transformed the nature of black American protest and spread it to urban areas across the USA.
Who was the dominant force in the black civil rights movement until 1968?
Martin Luther King continued to be the dominant force in the black civil rights movement until his assassination in April 1968.
What significant event involving Martin Luther King occurred in 1964?
In 1964, King was present when President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into law.
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 achieve?
The Civil Rights Act ended most legal segregation against black Americans.
Did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 end violence against blacks?
No, the Civil Rights Act did not end violence against blacks or attempts to prevent them from registering to vote.
What was the ‘Freedom Summer’ of 1964?
The ‘Freedom Summer’ of 1964 was a major attempt by civil rights activists to register black voters in Mississippi.
What challenges did activists face during the ‘Freedom Summer’?
Activists faced violence and even murder from extremist white groups such as the Ku Klux Klan during the ‘Freedom Summer’.
What was the purpose of the protest march led by Martin Luther King in March 1965?
To pressure the federal government into action regarding civil rights.
What significant event occurred on March 7, 1965, during the Selma to Montgomery march?
The marchers were attacked by Alabama state police at Pettus Bridge, which was televised nationally.
What legislation was directly influenced by the Selma to Montgomery march?
The 1965 Voting Rights Act, which guaranteed black Americans the right to vote.
What was one of Martin Luther King’s greatest triumphs?
The passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
What challenges did King face during his 1966 campaign in Chicago?
Poor organization by the SCLC and strong opposition from Chicago’s mayor, Richard Daley.
What happened during King’s attempt to march through Gage Park in Chicago?
King and his supporters faced massive white resistance and were attacked with bricks and stones.
What was the result of King’s opposition to the Vietnam War in 1967?
He lost the support of President Johnson.
What campaign did King support in early 1968?
The Poor People’s Campaign for greater social equality.
Where was Martin Luther King assassinated?
At the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee.
What was the public reaction to King’s assassination in April 1968?
It sparked race riots across many cities in the USA.
What was Martin Luther King’s legacy as recognized by the media and political establishment?
He was seen as the unofficial leader of the black civil rights movement.
What did King’s support of non-violent protest achieve?
It won him support from both blacks and whites and helped him gain influence with the federal government.
What was a major factor in the decline of King’s influence after 1965?
The rise of more radical leaders and movements such as Black Power.
Who was Cesar Chavez and what movement did he lead?
Cesar Chavez was the leader of the United Farmworkers’ Union, advocating for the rights of Hispanic agricultural workers.
What was the significance of the Chicano movement?
It sought to address social and political discrimination faced by Hispanic Americans.
What was the first major campaign led by Cesar Chavez?
A strike by grape workers and a national boycott of California grapes starting in 1965.
What was the outcome of the United Farmworkers’ Union’s efforts?
They registered 100,000 new Hispanic voters and raised awareness for Hispanic civil rights.
What was the purpose of the Mexican American Youth Organisation in Texas?
To support fair treatment for Hispanic Americans.
Were the Mexican American Youth Organisation’s efforts successful?
No, they were not successful in gaining improved rights for Hispanic Americans.
What movement began to splinter into moderate and radical factions by the early 1970s?
The Chicano movement.
Who was Cesar Chavez?
Leader of the Chicano Movement, born in southern Arizona to a prosperous Mexican American farming family.
What significant action did Chavez take in 1948?
He took part in his first strike to protest against poor living and working conditions of California’s migrant farm workers.
What organization did Chavez join in 1958?
The Community Services Organization, where he became the general director.
What strategy did Chavez adopt?
A strategy of non-violence, following the example of Martin Luther King.
What organization did Chavez form in 1962?
The National Farm Workers’ Association.
What significant event did Chavez lead in 1965?
A strike of California’s grape pickers that attracted extensive national media coverage.
What did Chavez begin doing in 1968 to draw public attention?
He began fasting to highlight the plight of farm workers.
What actions did Chavez organize in the 1970s?
A successful series of strikes and boycotts to improve the pay and working conditions of grape and lettuce workers.
