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Comparative > Horse Thoracic Cavity (13) > Flashcards

Horse Thoracic Cavity (13) Flashcards

Dr. Concha

1
Q

T/F: Equine lungs, right and left, are nearly equal in size. They also have NO evidence of external lobation

A

TRUE - except accessory lobe of the R lung

contrasts with bovine which are lobulated!

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2
Q

The R lung of the horse has how many lobes? What are they called?

A

cranial lobe
caudal lobe
accessory lobe

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3
Q

Where is the cardiac notch located? Is it on the right or left side of the lungs?

A

3rd-4th intercostal spaces

right side!

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4
Q

Label 1-3. Is this R or L?

A
  1. most dorsal/caudal lobe of lung is most important
  2. caudal lobe of lung
  3. cranial lobe of lung

right!

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5
Q

What is special about the hilus in equine?

A

only place in lung NOT covered by pleura!

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6
Q

What is this structure? (Pink)

A

accessory lobe of R lung

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7
Q

What impressions are on the R side of the lung? Hint: vessels

A

cranial vena cava
azygous vein
aorta
esophagus
caudal vena cava

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8
Q

What is this structure?

A

impression of caudal vena cava
(tubular impression)

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9
Q

How many lobes does the equine left lung have? What are they called?

A

2
cranial lobe
caudal lobe

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10
Q

What intercostal spaces is the deeper cardiac notch located? Right or left lung?

A

3rd to 6th intercostal spaces

left

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11
Q

Pericardium contacts the thoracic wall at the ____ and ____ ribs

A

3rd and 6th

relate it with deeper cardiac notch to remember

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12
Q

In the [right/left] lung, the deeper cardiac notch is deeper and located between ____ and _____ intercostal spaces. In the [right/left] lung, the cardiac notch is located between _____ and ______ intercostal spaces

A

left lung: 3rd and 6th

right lung: 3rd and 4th

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13
Q

A horse has its dorsal part of the lungs compressed between the diaphragm and thoracic walls. What do you expect to happen?

A

organs move out with diaphragm

can result in hemorrhage

**remember dorsal part of L caudal lobe is important to consider

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14
Q

What contacts the thoracic wall?

A

pericardium

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15
Q

T/F: The hilus of the equine lung is only on the R side

A

FALSE - each side has its own hilus

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16
Q

What impressions are on the left equine lung?

A

esophageal
aortic
cardiac

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17
Q

In the equine, tracheal muscles are [skeletal/smooth]

A

smooth muscles

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18
Q

Where are tracheal muscles attached?

A

attached in the internal walls of the trachea - inside of cartilage

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19
Q

In the equine, the carina is located where?

A

at the level of T4-T5

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20
Q

Label 1-3

A
  1. primary bronchi
  2. carina
  3. T4-T5
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21
Q

How many secondary bronchi, i.e. lobar bronchi, do each lung have - left and right?

A

right: 3
left: 2

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22
Q

Tertiary bronchi is also called _______

A

segmental bronchi

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23
Q

Describe the basal border of the lung in horses

A

dorsal region of 16th rib

middle of 11th rib

costochondral junction of the 6th rib

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24
Q

Where is the most caudal border of the lungs located?

A

16th rib - dorsal part

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25
Q

What are the pleural recesses of the equine?

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

costomediastinal recess

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26
Q

How would you describe the location of the costomediastinal recess?

A

space ventral to the lungs

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27
Q

How would you describe the location of the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

space caudal to the basal border of the lungs

28
Q

What is significant about this region here?

A

portion of the lungs that can get traumatized

left side

29
Q

Where do you auscult the lungs in the horse?

A
30
Q

Which side of the equine heart is this?

A

left side i.e. auricular face

31
Q

Which side of the equine heart is this?

A

right side i.e. atrial face

32
Q

What is different about the branches of the aorta in the equine versus the dog?

A

horses only have one big trunk - brachiocephalic

dogs have 2 - brachiocephalic and L. subclavian

33
Q

On the [auricular/atrial] side, one can see the intravenous tubercle and fossa ovale

A

atrial (right)

34
Q

Which branches of coronary circulation is on the left side of the horse?

A

left coronary a.
» paraconal interventricular branch
» circumflex branch
great cardiac v.
coronary sinus

35
Q

Which branches of coronary circulation is on the right side of the horse?

A

right coronary artery
right circumflex branch
subsinuosal interventricular branch

36
Q

What is special about the R. coronary artery in the horse?

A

larger than in dogs
gives rise to R. circumflex branch then subsinuosal then branch

37
Q

What is comprised of the L. coronary artery?

A

paraconal interventricular branch
circumflex branch

38
Q

Besides the arteries on the left side, what is the other coronary circulation in the horse?

A

coronary sinus
great cardiac vein

39
Q

Besides the arteries on the right side, what is the other coronary circulation in the horse?

A

coronary sinus
middle cardiac vein

40
Q

Fill in the blanks: R coronary artery —> _______ —> ________

A

circumflex branch
subsinuosal interventricular branch

41
Q

Where can you hear the pulmonary valve on the horse?

A

left side
3rd or 4th intercostal space
crandiodorsal to the olecranon

42
Q

Where can you hear the aortic valve on the horse?

A

left side
4th intercostal
ventral to the shoulder joint

43
Q

Where can you hear the mitral valve on the horse?

A

left side
5th intercostal
caudodorsal to the olecranon

44
Q

Where can you hear the tricuspid valve on the horse?

A

right side
4th intercostal
caudodorsal to the olecranon

45
Q

Is this a horse or dog aortic arch?

A

horse - does not branch

46
Q

What is the name of the trunk that splits into the left and right common carotid on the horse?

A

bicarotid trunk

47
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. left common carotid a.
  2. bicarotid trunk
  3. left subclavian a.
  4. right common carotid a.
  5. right subclavian a.
  6. brachiocephalic trunk
48
Q

What is this branch off the left subclavian artery? Its function?

A

costocervical trunk

supplies first 3-4 intercostal spaces & muscles of the neck

49
Q

What is this branch off the left subclavian artery? Its function?

A

deep cervical artery

courses towards the head to supply the cervical structures and musculature of the caudal neck region

50
Q

On the [right/left] side, the deep cervical artery is from the costocervical trunk. On the [right/left] side, it is from the _________

A

right —> costocervical trunk

left —> left subclavian a.

51
Q

What is this structure?

A

deep cervical a. and v.

52
Q

What is this branch off the left subclavian artery?

A

vertebral a.

53
Q

Where does the vertebral artery course?

A

courses cranially through transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae — gives rise to spinal branches & muscular branches

courses through the alar foramen and lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas and enters the vertebral canal

54
Q

Right and left vertebral arteries form ______ in the horse

A

basilar aa.

55
Q

What is this structure?

A

vertebral a. & v.

56
Q

What is this branch off the left subclavian artery? Its function?

A

superficial cervical a.

supplies structures in craniolateral shoulder region

57
Q

What is this branch off the left subclavian artery? Its function?

A

internal thoracic a.

ventral intercostal aa. —> supply ventral part of thoracic wall

cranial epigastric a. —> supplies the ventral abdominal wall

58
Q

_______ supplies the ventral part of the abdominal wall, and _______ supplies the ventral part of the thoracic wall

A

cranial epigastric a.: abdominal
ventral intercostal a.: thoracic

these arteries are from the internal thoracic a.

59
Q

What is this branch off the left subclavian artery?

A

axillary a.

60
Q

What are the arteries that make up the left subclavian artery?

A

costocervical trunk
vertebral a.
deep cervical a.
internal thoracic a.
axillary a.
superficial cervical a.

61
Q

What branches off the descending (thoracic) aorta?

A

dorsal intercostal aa.
bronchoesophageal aa.

62
Q

What are branches off the bronchoesophageal aa.?

A

bronchial branch —> to bronchial tree

esophageal branch —> to esophagus

63
Q

Contrast the dog and horse veins in the neck

A

horses: have a bijugular trunk at the level of the thoracic inlet

dogs: have brachiocephalic veins that go to subclavian and external jugular on each side

64
Q

List the veins on the right side of the horse

A

right azygous v.
costocervical v.
vertebral v.
superficial cervical v.
cranial vena cava
caudal vena cava

65
Q

What structures does GVE sympathetic in the mediastinum involve?

A
66
Q

What structures does GVE parasympathetic in the mediastinum involve?

A
67
Q

A horse damages the craniolateral side of their thoracic limb. Which vessel is likely affected?

A

superficial cervical a.

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