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Comparative > Equine Teeth (24) > Flashcards

Equine Teeth (24) Flashcards

Dr. Pimentel

1
Q

What type of teeth do equids have?

A

hypsodont - “long tooth”

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2
Q

_____ covers the surface of teeth and forms what?

A

Cementum

forms periodontal ligament cementing tooth to alveolar bone

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3
Q

Involution of dentin makes a “cup”, aka ________. This leads to the ________

A

infundibulum

infundibular enamel

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4
Q

What forms a layer underneath cement?

A

enamel

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5
Q

Incisors have a second involution of enamel creating a ______, called the _______

A

“cup”

infundibulum

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6
Q

What is dentin?

A

a living, softer layer deep to the enamel (covered by enamel)

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7
Q

What is the dental star?

A

when secondary dentin fills in exposed pulp cavity as the tooth is worn down

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8
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. infundibulum (cup)
  2. peripheral enamel
  3. primary dentin
  4. dental (pulp) cavity
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9
Q

Canine teeth in horses may be present, more often so in [mares/stallions]

A

stallions

don’t tend to erupt in mares

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10
Q

The purpose of incisors is to [grind food / cut grass], and the purpose of premolars is to [grind food / cut grass]

A

incisors: cut grass - hence, “make incisions”

premolars: grind food

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11
Q

What is the dental formula for equids?

A

3 incisors
+/- 1 canine
3-4 premolars (4 top, 3 bottom)
3 molars

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12
Q

What is the name of the first premolar?

A

wolf tooth

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13
Q

What is special about the wolf tooth?

A

it is the first premolar

NOT occlused (does not touch)
small
may or may not be present

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14
Q

What are the cheek teeth?

A

the premolars and molars

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15
Q

The canine may or may not be within the _______

A

diastema

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16
Q

What is this?

A

the wolf tooth (first premolar)

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17
Q

What are the names of the incisors? Label whether they are more medial, middle, or lateral

A

central: medial
intermediate: middle
corner: lateral

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18
Q

What is the first cheek tooth?

A

the second premolar

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19
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. central incisor
  2. intermediate incisor
  3. corner incisor
  4. 2nd premolar - 1st cheek tooth

note: black 1 on diagram is the wolf tooth, or 1st premolar

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20
Q

What is the rule of 4 and 9?

A

4 is always the canine tooth

9 is always the first molar

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21
Q

What number in the modified Triadan system is the first cheek tooth?

A

X06

4 is always the canine, so the first cheek tooth, aka 2nd premolar, is 2 away from the canine

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22
Q

What number is the wolf tooth?

A

X05

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23
Q

What number is the last molar (upper arcade)?

A

X11

9 is always the first molar, and horses have 3 molars. Therefore, the third molar is 11

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24
Q

What does anisognathus mean?

A

uneven jaws

25
Q

The upper arcade is [wider/narrower] than the lower arcade

A

upper arcade: wider

lower arcade: narrower

26
Q

Because horses are anisognathus, it results in uneven wear of the teeth. What occurs as a result?

A

“points” on buccal side of upper cheek teeth &

“points” on lingual side of lower cheek teeth

27
Q

The upper arcade tends to have teeth further [rostral/caudal] than the lower arcade. What does this result in?

A

upper arcade: further rostral

results in uneven wear and “hooks” on first upper cheek tooth and last lower cheek tooth

28
Q

On the [lateral/medial] surface of the upper arcade, you can see hooks, and on the [lateral/medial] surface of the lower arcade, you can see hooks

A

upper: lateral surface

lower: medial surface

29
Q

What are the eruption dates for the incisors? (central, intermediate, corner)

A

central: 6 days

intermediate: 6 weeks

corner: 6 months

30
Q

At what age does it take for the incisors to change completely? (central, intermediate, corner)

A

central: 2.5 years

intermediate: 3.5 years

corner: 4.5 years

31
Q

How long does it take for teeth to be “in wear”, i.e. for teeth to erupt to occlusal surface and for enamel to begin to erode?

A

6 months (when corner incisor erupts)

32
Q

What is the shape of deciduous incisors compared to permanent ones?

A

deciduous: dome-shaped

permanent: triangular

33
Q

Looking at these images, explain why you know that the left-most image is younger, whereas the right-most image is an older horse

A

left: Incisors are not completely lined up with one another. They are more dome-shaped, smaller, and whiter than the right.

middle: The lower-left central deciduous incisor is being pushed away from the gingiva to make room for the permanent one. Central incisors emerge at around 2.5 years

right: Central incisors are more triangular and have vertical grooves. They are significantly larger than the adjacent deciduous incisors. Upper and lower arcades are also touching each other

34
Q

Dental [cups/stars] are in younger horses

A

cups

35
Q

When do dental cups begin to disappear in horses?

A

6 years

36
Q

What is the transition of cup to dental star?

A

cup —> cup & dental star —> dental star

You can tell when a horse is 5 if you see the cup and dental star

37
Q

Dental stars are spots from the _______. What 4 things are present here?

A

pulp cavity

  1. artery
  2. vein
  3. nerve
  4. lymphatics
38
Q

At what age do canine teeth erupt, if they do?

A

5 years

39
Q

At what age do premolars erupt?

A

2, 3, 4 years

40
Q

At what age do molars erupt?

A

1, 2, 3.5-4 years

41
Q

What are eruption bumps or cysts?

A

bony enlargements on the mandible or maxilla that occur during eruption of cheek teeth

caused by changing of premolars and molars between 2-5ish years

42
Q

T/F: Dental stars progressively change from round to linear form

A

FALSE - change from linear to round

43
Q

At what age(s) is the corner incisor wider than it is tall?

A

5-9 years

44
Q

At what age(s) is the corner incisor more square shape (width = height)

A

9-10 years

45
Q

At what age(s) is the corner incisor taller than wide? Tooth continues to get taller with age

A

greater than 10 years

46
Q

Is this an older or younger horse? How do you know?

A

younger (this one is about 6 years)

the upper and lower incisors in young horses meet at a fairly upright angle (180°)

47
Q

Is this an older or younger horse? How do you know?

A

older

as the horse ages, the incisors meet at more of an acute angle (<120°)

48
Q

What is this structure called? At what age(s) does it appear?

A

upper corner incisor hook

7 years
11 years

not very reliable

49
Q

What is Galvayne’s groove? When does it first appear?

A

groove in upper corner incisor

10 years

50
Q

Explain the placement of Galvayne’s groove at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30

A

10: first appears

15: halfway down

20: all the way down the tooth

25: halfway gone

30: all the way gone

51
Q

How old is this horse based on Galvayne’s groove?

A

30 years

groove is gone

52
Q

Younger horses have a more [oval/round] shape of occlusal surface of incisor

A

oval

53
Q

T/F: The relationship of the teeth with the sinuses change as the horse ages and teeth are worn

A

TRUE

54
Q

In adult horses, where are the roots of premolar 4 and molar 1?

A

the rostral maxillary sinus

55
Q

In adult horses, where are the roots of molar 2 and molar 3?

A

the caudal maxillary sinus

56
Q

Which teeth are in the rostral maxillary sinus in the adult horse?

A

premolar 4
molar 1

57
Q

Which teeth are in the caudal maxillary sinus in the adult horse?

A

molar 2
molar 3

58
Q

What age is this horse?

A

~12 years old

  • triangular incisors
  • presence of Galvayne’s groove (at least 10 years old)
  • hook of the corner incisor (at least 11)
  • more acutely angled teeth (<180°)
59
Q

What age is this horse?

A

less than 4.5 years old (3.5 - 4 years)

  • dental cups are present (has to be less than 6 years)
  • upper and lower incisors are not lined up
  • missing adult corner incisor - cannot be 4.5 years
  • teeth closer to 180°

Comparative (37 decks)

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