HIV Flashcards
HIV
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can progress to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
- HIV is a viral infection that is transmitted via blood and other body fluids.
- It affects the ability of the immune system to fight infection, specifically, CD4 cells.
- HIV targets CD4+ lymphocytes, also known as T-cells or T-lymphocytes.
- T-cells and B-lymphocytes are part of specific acquired (adaptive) immunity
hiv found in
Feces
Urine
Tears
Saliva
Cerebrospinal fluid
Brian tissue
Breast Milk
- All women who are pregnant should be screened for HIV
HIV: Progression
- Clinical manifestations occurs within 2-4 weeks of infection
- Symptoms appear flu-like and can include a rash or sore throat
- The initial stage is marked by a rapid rate in HIV viral load with low CD4 cells, and increased CD8 cells.
- Symptoms decrease with less viral HIV copies.
The initial stage is marked by a
rapid rate in HIV viral load with low CD4 cells, and increased CD8 cells.
Lymphadenopathy
is present in all stages
HIV: Chronic asymptomatic infection
- Clients can remain asymptomatic for 10 years or more.
- Anti-HIV antibodies are produced
Over time the virus replicates using the host’s genes
- CD4 cells are destroyed
- Viral load increases
- Dramatic loss of immunity begins
AIDS
- Usually characterized by opportunistic life-threatening infections
- End stage of the HIV infection
- All people with AIDS have HIV, however not all people with HIV will develop AIDS
AIDS: Defining Conditions
- Candidiasis of esophagus, bronchi, trachea, or lungs
- Herpes simples
- HIV related encephalopathy
- Disseminated or extra pulmonary histoplasmosis
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
- Burkitt’s lymphoma
- Recurrent pneumonia
- Septicemia
aids stage 1: acute infection
- Fever
- Lymph adenopathy
- Pharyngitis
- Rash
- HIV viral load is high, may or may not test positive for antibodies.
- CD4 count is greater than 500 cells/mm
- Virus is transmissible to others.
stage 2 latency
- Lymphadenopathy, but may be asymptomatic
- Will test positive for HIV antibodies
- CD4 count is between 200 and 499 cells.mm
Stage 3: AIDS
advanced: terminal
Opportunistic infections occur
- Respiratory: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis, Kaposi’s sarcoma
- GI: cryptosporidiosis, candida, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Kaposi’s sarcoma
- Neuro: CMV, toxoplasmosis, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, shingles, herpes simplex
S- kin: shingles, herpes, Kaposi’s sarcoma.
kaposi sarcoma is associated with
Wasting syndrome
AIDS dementia
Weakness and malaise
Anxiety, depression, poor self-image
CD4 count drops below 200 cells/mm
aids risk factors
- Unprotected sexual contact
- IV drug use; use of contaminated needles
- Occupational exposure (health care workers)
- Multiple sex partners
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding: transmission from mother to baby
- Blood transfusion (very small risk: 0.02%)
prevention nursing interventions
- Teach about transmission routes.
- Emphasize need to practice safe sex
- Explain that risk is reduced by limiting sexual partners.
- Teach IV drug users to use clean needles, or if they reuse, to clean needles with water and bleach.
- Pregnant women who are HIV positive need to begin and remain on antiviral therapy, infants should NOT breastfeed.
- Ensure consistent use of standard precautions by health care workers in clinical settings.
preventing infection nursing interventions
Enhance oxygenation
- Assess lung sounds, anticipate diminished lung sounds
- Provide comfort measures.
- Monitor weight, I&O and calorie count, encourage high calorie food.
- Perform frequent oral care.
- Provide meticulous skin care.
- Monitor mental status, reorient PRN, maintain consistent environment
- Medication therapy: antivirals and more for life
