angina and myocardial infarction Flashcards
continuum from angina and myocardial infarction
acute coronary sundrome
what is a warning sign for impending acute mi
angina pectoris
what improves outcome for mi
treated with aspirin, beta‑blockers, and angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.
what causes chest pain
When blood flow to the heart is compromised, ischemia causes chest pain.
anginal pain s/s
Can radiate to the jaw, neck, or arm.
what differentiates mi from angina
Pain unrelieved by rest or nitroglycerin and lasting for more than 15 min
what is ischemia
- is reversible
- can lead to tissue necrosis (infarction) if blood supply and oxygen are not restored.
what produces myocardial ischemia
An abrupt interruption of oxygen to the heart muscle produces myocardial ischemia`
what provides specific markers of MI
When the cardiac muscle suffers ischemic injury, cardiac enzymes are released into the bloodstream, providing specific markers of MI
types of angina
stable
unstable
variant
stable angina
(exertional) angina occurs with exercise or emotional stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
unstable angina
(pre-infarction) angina occurs with exercise or at rest, but increases in occurrence, severity, and duration over time
variant angina
(Prinzmetal’s) angina is due to a coronary artery spasm, often occurring during periods of rest
acute coronary syndrome steps
- deterioration
- rupture
- platelet aggrgation
- thrombus
results of acute coronary syndrome
- Partial occlusion of coronary artery: NSTEMI
- Total occlusion of coronary artery: STEMI
risk factors for acs
- Male gender or postmenopausal women
Ethnic background
Sedentary lifestyle
Hypertension
Tobacco use
Hyperlipidemia
Obesity
Excessive alcohol consumption
Metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism)
Methamphetamine or cocaine use
Stress (with ineffective coping skills)
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT FINDINGS of acs
- Pallor, and cool, clammy skin
- Tachycardia and heart palpitations
- Tachypnea and shortness of breath
- Diaphoresis
- Vomiting
- Decreased level of consciousness
Diagnostic Procedures for MI
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Stress test
Cardiac catheterization
Thallium scan
Assesses for ischemia or necrosis.
nursing actions for diagnostic procedures
Instruct the client to avoid smoking and consuming caffeinated beverages 4 hr prior to the procedure. These can affect the test.