anesthesia Flashcards
anesthesia
An anesthetic is a chemical agent patients receive prior to surgery.
what does anestheisa do
- Induces loss of consciousness
- amnesia
- analgesia
A state of depressed central nervous system (CNS) activity, with depression of consciousness, loss of responsiveness to simulation, and muscle relaxation.
moderate sedation
type of anesthesia.
- Patients do not lose consciousness, but still experience amnesia and analgesia
general anesthesia do
causes loss of sensation, consciousness, and relaxes when a patient is undergoing major surgery, or one that requires complete muscle relaxation.
local anesthesia causes
causes loss of sensation without loss of consciousness.
- Blocks transmission along nerves, thus achieving loss of autonomic function and muscle paralysis in a SPECIFIC area of the body
inhaled anesthetics(types)
volatile gases or liquids in combination with oxygen.
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Nitrous oxide with O2
inhaled anesthetics
volatile gases or liquids in combination with oxygen.
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Nitrous oxide with O2
types of injectable anesthetic(meds)
- benzodiazepines
- etomidate
- propofol: causes hypotension, I&O out bloodstream, given iv, need an airway
- ketamine: horse tranqulizer, helps with resp diseases
- barbituates: antiseizure, can go unconscious
most susceptible population to anesthesia
older adults
- Careful titration of medications help control the incidence of unwanted effects.
- Airway patency is the main priority in all situations, but cardiac problems can arise more quickly in older adults.
- The patient’s condition could deteriorate quickly.
nursing assesment before giving general anesthesia
- Family history of malignant hyperthermia
- Respiratory disease (hypoventilation)
- Cardiac disease
+Dysrhythmias: baseline ekg needed
+Altered cardiac output - Gastric contents (aspiration)
- Alcohol or substance use disorders: worried about tolerance, need more benzo
types of opioids anesthesia
Fentanyl
Sufentanil
Alfentanil
opioidd used for
- Used for sedation
- Analgesics to relieve preoperative and postoperative pain
adverse effects of opoiod anesthesia
- depress the CNS, respiratory depression or distress
- Delays awakening following surgery
- Can result in postop constipation and urinary retention
- Can trigger nausea and vomiting
benzo anesthesia(med)
Diazepam
Midazolam
benzos used for
- Used to reduce anxiety preoperative
- Promotes amnesia
- Produces mild sedation with little to moderate respiratory depression with careful titration
benzo adverse effects
Can result in cardiac and respiratory arrest with rapid administration or without waiting for the full effect to develop.
antiemetics(meds)
Promethazine
Ondansteron
Metoclopramide
antiemetics used for
- Used to decrease postanesthetic nausea and vomiting
- Enances gastric emptying (metoclopramide)
Induces sedation (Promethazine) - Decreases the risk for aspiration
adverse effects of antiemtics
Dry mouth, dizziness, tardive dyskinesia, respiratory depression and apnea (promethazine)
anticholinergics meds
Atropine
Glycopyrolate
what do anticholinergics do
- Decreases the risk of bradycardia during surgery, and at times, vagal slowing of the heart due to the parasympathetic response to surgical manipulation.
- Blocks the muscarinic response to acetylcholine by decreasing salivation, bowel movement, and GI secretions
Slows motility of the GI tract - Decreases saliva, perspiration, gastric, and pancreatic secretions
- Decreases reisk for aspiration
adverse effects of anticholinergics
Urinary retention, tachycardia, dry mouth. Contraindicated with glaucoma!
types of sedatives(meds)
Pentobarbital
Secobarbital
what are sedatives used for
Used for pre-anesthesia sedation or amnesia
Induction of general anesthesia
