History of psychiatry as a medical specialty Flashcards
Which physician “liberated the insane from their chains”
Phillipe Pinel- made the study of psychiatry a brach of medicine Medico-philisophical treatise on mental alienation
When did the specialties of neurology and psychiatry separate
1960
Initial meaning of neuroses and who coined the term
1769, Cullen, dysfunction of the nervous system
Developments from beginning of 20th century to 2nd world war
- Kraeplin’s nosological system in 1900, altered in 1911 by Bleuler’s description of SCZ and Jaspers psychopathological perspective
- Overpopulation of asylums
- Specialist training for psychiatrist
- Focus on social factors, mental health (Adolf Meyer)
Expansion of psychiatry after 1945
- Recognition of mental health as important task by govnt
- New perspectives- biopsychosocial
- The psychodynamic wave-> psychoanalysts of Germany forced out to USA
- 1960-> expansion of behavioural and cognitive therapies
- Social wave> focus on community mental health care, reducing inpatient beds, access to psychiatric care
- Biological wave-> 1952: chlorpromazine discovered to be beneficial in schizophrenia and mania, 1949 lithium for mania, 1957 imipramine and MOAi
Who was Alois Alzheimer
German psychiatris and neuropathologist
Colleague of Emil Kraeplin
Identified “presenile dementia which Kraeplin would later identify as Alzheimer’s
Who identified Alzheimers
Emil Kraeplin
Who was Durkheim
French Sociologist
Modern social science
Seminal monograph on suicide
Refined the positivism
Wilhelm Griesinger
Head of institution for mentally handicapped
Proposed modern model of community care, closure of asylums, recovery model
Karl Jaspers
Phenomenology
Documenting and describing link of phenomenology with diagnosis
German
Diagnosis should be based on form, not content
Primary delusions- un-understandable
Theodor Meynert
German-Austrian
Brain anatomy, histology, topography
Cerebral-cortext cytoarchictectonics
Theories in regards to correlating neuroanatomy and mental processes
Link between cerebral pathologies and psychoses
Franz Nissl
Neuropathologist
Neural connections between cortex and thalamic nuclei
Popularised use of spinal puncture
Carl Wernicke
German physician/anatomist/psychiatrist
Brain disease on speech and language
Found damage to L posterior superior temporal gyrus resulted in deficits in language comprehension “Wernicke’s area”
Wilhelm Windelband
German
Nomothetic and idiographic measures in psychology
Philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with natural sciences and no uncritically appropriating its methodologies
Who showed neurological changes in general paralysis different than those in dementia
Nissl
Who claimed mental illnesses are brain illnesses
Griesinger
Who argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies
Windelband
Founder of cortex cytoarchtectonics
Meynert
Who examined neural connections between human cortex and nuclei
Nissl
William Cullen
Scottish proponent of moral treatment
1710-1790
Donald Hebb
The organisation of Human Behaviour
Research on interrogation techniques funded by CIA
Canadian psychologist
Robert Whytt
On nervous, hypochondriac or hysteric diseases
Herbert Graf
Little Hans discussed in Frueds 1909 study Analysis of a phobia in a 5 year old boy
Little Albert Experiment (John Watson)
- Introduction of a loud sound (unconditioned stimulus) resulted in fear (unconditioned response), a natural response
- Intro of rat (neutral) paired with loud sound resulted in fear
- Successive intro of rat resulted in fear
Classical conditioning
Harry Stack Sullivan
1892-1949
Advocated for psychotherapy in patients with schizophrenia
Interpersonal theory
Influenced by Adolf Meyers belief that psychiatric sx represent pathological reaction to personal circumstances
Ernst Kretschmer
Described schizoid personality Relationship between 3 different physical types and psychological disorder "Short round people-> cyclothymia/BP" "Thin asthenic-> schizophrenia" Failed to control for age
Nathan Kline
Investigated Reserpine-> found that approx 70% those suffering with Schizophrenia were markedly relieved from their symptoms
Investigated properties of iproniazid as antidepressant (MAOi)
Psychopharmacology
Max Hamilton
Hamilton rating scale for depression, used widely in clinical trials for antidepressants
Max Fink
Best known for work on ECT-> founded journal Convulsive Therapy
Eugene Bleuler
Coined terms Schizophrenia, Autism
“Ambivalence”
Erving Goffman
1922-1982
“Most influential Sociologist of 20th century:
Symbiotic interactions, Asylums, Interaction Ritual, Frame analysis, Forms of talk
Studied- social interactions, social construction of self, social organisation of experience, stigmas
Who described the case of Anna O
Josef Bruer
Pseudonym for Bertha Papenheim- case study in book “Studies on Hysteria”
Marked beginning of psychoanalysis/free association
Who is best associated with “Illness of the nerves”
Robert Wyatt
With whom is the development and application of an inverted U-shaped curve to the relationship between performance and anxiety best associated with
Donald Hebb
With whom is ‘Little Albert’ best associated with
John B Watson
Who first described the concept of ‘Transference’
Freud
Who advocated for psychotherapy for patients with SCZ
Harry Stack Sullivan
Who argued that mental hospital exercised an ominous kind of control over patients because they functioned as ‘total institutions
Erving Goffman
Who promoted use of ECT in USA
Max fink
Who established concept of ‘schizoid personality’
Ernst Kretschmer
Who coined the term autism
Eugene Beluler
Who introduced reserpine for chronically ill psychiatric patients
Nathan Kline
Who is little Hans best associated
Robert Wyatt
Plato
Classical Greek philosopher/Maths/Student of socrates
Founder of Academy of Athens, Western philosophy and science
“Questioned” whether father-son relationship mattered to the way the son turned out
Arthur Schopenhauer
German philosopher
“World as Will and Representation”- world driven by continually dissatisfied will, seeking satisfaction, influenced by Eastern thought
Influential in history of phenomenology
“Will to live”
Martin Seligman
Psychologist
Theory of learned helplessness
Positive psychology- The optimistic child, child’s play, Learned optimism
George Borwn and Tirril Harris
Landmark 1978 study of Social origins of depression
Life events as key vulnerability “risk factors”
“Life Events and Difficulties Scale” as measure of stressfullness and life events
What is Criminal Anthropology
Combination of study of human species and study of criminals- offender profile, links between nature of crime, personality/physical appearance of offender
Who coined the term Moral insanity
James Cowels Prichard 1835
Type of mental disorder consisting of emotions and behaviours in the apparent absence of intellectual impairments, delusions or hallucinations. Accepted diagnosis in Europe/America through second half of 19th century
Define “Moral insanity”
“Madness consisting in a morbid perversion of the natural feelings, affections, inclinations, temper, habits, moral dispositions and natural impulses, without any insane illusion or hallucinations.
Neurasthenia
Described by George Miller Beard in 1869
Physcial and mental exhaustion previously called hypochondriasis
Treated by”rest cures”, exercise, massage and application of electrical stimuli
Who described concept of “Learned Helplessness”
Seligman
Who wrote the “Social origins of depression”
Brown and Harris
Who’s work has found clinical application in body dysmorphic disorder
Morris
Who claimed that ‘the world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking satisfaction’
Schopenhauer
Who is best known for terms nomothetic and idiographic
Windelband
Who’s views represented an opposition to psychologism and historicism schools by a critical philosophic system
Windelband
Who frequently described the father/son relationship in their work
Plato
Who is best associated with “A treatise on Insanity”
Pritchard
Who is best associated with “Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizphrenia
Bleuler
Who is best associated with “The interpretation of Dreams”
Frued
Who is best associated with “An introduction to the Physical methods of treatment in psychiatry”
Sargent
Who is best associated with “Pyschopathia Sexalis”
Von Kraft-Ebbing
What did Raffaele Garofalo describe
Criminal anthropology
What book did Jaseph Gall write
Wrote an early book on forensic psychiatry
Who wrote “The object of Morality”
GJ Warnock
What did Phillippe Pinel describe
Moral insanity
